Although Christians, both Western and Eastern, were by law prohibited from being sold into slavery, the native Christians were often indistinguishable from the Muslim population and the Italian merchants were sometimes accused of selling them along with Muslim slaves.

The urban composition of the area, combined with the presence of the Italian merchants, led to the development of an economy that was much more commercial than it was agricultural.

Not only does Tartaglia have complete discussions of numerical operations and the commercial rules used by Italian arithmeticians in this work, but he also discusses the life of the people, the customs of merchants and the efforts made to improve arithmetic in the 16 < sup > th </ sup > century.

Starting in Asia, the disease reached Mediterranean and western Europe in 1348 ( possibly from Italian merchants fleeing fighting in Crimea ), and killed an estimated 20 to 30 million Europeans in six years ; a third of the total population, and up to a half in the worst-affected urban areas.

It most probably came to England by way of Italian merchants.

* Early evidence of the king of England borrowing from the Italian merchants.

* The Italian explorer Rafael Perestrello trades with Chinese merchants at Canton during the Ming Dynasty.

However, after 1591 the Portuguese used an international syndicate of the German Fuggers and Welsers, and Spanish and Italian firms, that used Hamburg as its northern staple port to distribute their goods, thereby cutting Dutch merchants out of the trade.

However, the king was often in conflict with the Italian merchants, especially because Cyprus had become the centre of European trade with Africa and Asia after the fall of Acre in 1291.

| 7 | Earlier the French had incorporated Tunisia into their sphere ( 1881 – 1956 ), preceded by many Italian settlers, merchants and farmers.

In the second half of the 16th c., the presence of Greek and other merchants from the Ottoman Empire declined after a series of restrictive measures taken by the Italian authorities and the pope.

Although still extremely wealthy, the Bigods were now having to borrow increasing sums from first the Jewish community at Bungay and then, after the expulsion of the Jews, Italian merchants ; by the end of the century, Roger was heavily in debt to Edward I as well.

Known as the " Italian Squad ", its primary mission was to deal with dynamite bombs used by the Mafia to intimidate immigrant Italian merchants and residents.

During the 12th century Ripon built up a booming wool trade, attracting Italian trade merchants, especially Florentines who bought and exported large quantities.

Both Jewish and Italian merchants had regular banking agents in Syria, who transacted business on behalf of their masters.

The object of the undertaking was to return with valuable spices and to establish trade relations in India — bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants.

However, the king was often in conflict with the Italian merchants, especially because Cyprus had become the centre of European trade with Africa and Asia after the fall of Acre in 1291.

The city was an important meeting place of diverse cultures from other parts of the Empire, as well as influences coming westwards, by Italian merchants.

These were invented in the Middle Ages by Italian grain merchants.

Rostov-on-Don is a trading port for Russian, Italian, Greek and Turkish merchants selling, for example, wool, wheat and oil.

This change also gave the merchants almost complete control of the governments of the Italian city-states, again enhancing trade.

Cambridge University historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner has pointed out how Otto of Freising, a German bishop who visited central Italy during the 12th century, commented that Italian towns had appeared to have exited from Feudalism, so that their society was based on merchants and commerce.

Indeed Luca Pacioli helped create the Banking system of the Italian city-states with his " double-entry bookkeeping ": his 27-page treatise on bookkeeping contained the first known published work on that topic, and is said to have laid the foundation for double-entry bookkeeping ( of Genoese merchants ) as it is practiced today.

Category: Italian merchants

Charles ignored the pope's excessive charges against his erstwhile ally and instead sent back his own embassy to mediate between the two Italian powers.

Guy's power never extended over much beyond his hereditary lands, which offered stark illustration of the fact that the imperial title, with its pretensions of universal rule, had by the end of the ninth century become merely a token of the pope's favour, to be fought over by various Italian nobles.

On the other hand, his liberation of the Jewish communities in Italy ( notably in Ancona in the Papal States ) and his insistence on the assimilation of Jews as equals in French and Italian society indicate that he was sincere in making a distinction between usurers ( whether Jewish or not ), whom he compared to locusts, and Jews who accepted non-Jews as their equals.

She became aware that two Italian workmen, carrying a large azalea pot, were standing before her and wanted her to move so that they could begin arranging a new row of the display.

Mozart wrote to his father in May 1783 about Salieri and Lorenzo Da Ponte, the court poet: " You know those Italian gentlemen ; they are very nice to your face!

In a letter to Bishop Maximilian of Syracuse, Gregory states his intention for his Dialogues, saying they are a kind of floretum ( an anthology, literally, ‘ flowers ’) of the most striking miracles of Italian holy men.

Although female roles were performed by castrati in some of the papal states, this was increasingly rare ; by 1680, they had supplanted " normal " male voices in lead roles, and retained their position as primo uomo for about a hundred years ; an Italian opera not featuring at least one renowned castrato in a lead part would be doomed to fail.

Subsequently the French Celestines, with the consent of the Italian superiors of the order, and of Pope Martin V in 1427, obtained the privilege of making new constitutions for themselves, which they did in the 17th century in a series of regulations accepted by the provincial chapter in 1667.

The name cello is an abbreviation of the Italian violoncello, which means " little violone ", referring to the violone (" big viol "), the lowest-pitched instrument of the viol family, the group of string instruments that went out of fashion around the end of the 17th century in most countries except France, where they survived another half-century or so before the louder violin family came into greater favour in that country too.

Despite its rare use, Italian orthography allows the circumflex accent ( î ) too, in two cases: it can be found in old literary context ( roughly up to 19th century ) to signal a syncope ( fêro → fecero, they did ), or in modern Italian to signal the contraction of ″- ii ″ due to the plural ending-i whereas the root ends with another-i ; e. g., s. demonio, p. demonii → demonî ; in this case the circumflex also signals that the word intended is not demoni, plural of " demone " by shifting the accent ( demònî, " devils "; dèmoni, " demons ").

Esperantists in German concentration camps taught the language to fellow prisoners, telling guards they were teaching Italian, the language of one of Germany's Axis allies.

The main objective of this party was Eritrea freedom but they had a pre-condition that stated that before independence the country should be governed by Italy for at least 15 years ( like happened with Italian Somalia ).

Although the company's repertoire included works from the French, Italian and English operatic literatures, they always performed in English.

Esperantists sometimes were able to get around the ban by convincing guards that they were teaching Italian, the language of Germany's closest ally.

Around the same time, they met Italian movie producer Dino De Laurentiis, the owner of production and distribution company DEG.

However, according to Patricia Knight, they did, with the Italian Fascist government coming to own the highest percentage of industries outside the Soviet Union.

Some students of the work argue for an Italian origin, noting phrases in Barnabas which are very similar to phrases used by Dante and suggesting that the author of Barnabas borrowed from Dante's works ; they take the Spanish version's preface to support this conclusion.

A minority of students – such as David Sox – are, however, suspicious of the apparent ' Turkish ' features of the Italian manuscript ; especially the Arabic annotations, which they adjudge to be so riddled with elementary errors as to be most unlikely to have been written in Istanbul ( even by an Italian scribe ).

In particular, they note that the glossing of the Italian version of the shahada into Arabic, does not correspond exactly with the standard ritual formula recited daily by every Muslim.

There is occasionally confusion between this city and the Italian port of Genoa ( in Italian Genova ) as they seem to share a Celtic root, genu / genawa, meaning " estuary ".

Puccini succeeded in mastering the orchestra as no other Italian had done before him, creating new forms by manipulating structures inherited from the great Italian tradition, loading them with bold harmonic progressions which had little or nothing to do with what was happening then in Italy, though they were in step with the work of French, Austrian and German colleagues.

On the other hand, during rehearsals, workmen in the theater stopped what they were doing during Va, pensiero and applauded at the conclusion of this haunting melody while the growth of the " identification of Verdi's music with Italian nationalist politics " is judged to have begun in the summer 1846 in relation to a chorus from Ernani in which the name of one of its characters, " Carlo ", was changed to " Pio ", a reference to Pope Pius IX's grant of an amnesty to political prisoners.

Italian forces controlled Albanian political activity in the areas they occupied.

The puppet Albanian Fascist Party became the ruling party of the country and the Fascists allowed Italian citizens to settle in Albania and to own land so that they could gradually transform it into Italian soil.