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JPL and continued
) The ephemerides continued on this basis through 1983 ( with some changes due to adoption of improved values of astronomical constants ), after which, for 1984 onwards, they adopted the JPL ephemerides.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) lost contact with Spirit after last hearing from the rover on March 22, 2010 and continued attempts to regain communications until May 25, 2011 bringing the elapsed mission time to 6 years 2 months 19 days or over 25 times the original planned mission duration.
JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended.

JPL and work
In 1961, JPL hired their first woman engineer to work along side male engineers as part of the Ranger and Mariner mission tracking teams.
In addition to its government work, JPL has also assisted the nearby motion picture and television industries, by advising them about scientific accuracy in their productions.
His early work was done on mainframes at III, JPL, and Caltech.
After completing his graduate work and a year as a postdoc at MIT, Ostro served as an assistant professor of Astronomy at Cornell before moving to JPL in 1984.

JPL and on
The best current ( 2009 ) estimate of the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) for the value of the astronomical unit in meters is A = m, based on a comparison of JPL and IAA – RAS ephemerides.
In 2008, JPL spent over $ 1. 6 billion on research and development and employed over 5, 000 project-related and support employees.
JPL has been recognized four times by the Space Foundation: with the Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award, which is given annually to an individual or organization that has made significant contributions to public awareness of space programs, in 1998 ; and with the John L. " Jack " Swigert, Jr., Award for Space Exploration on three occasions – in 2009 ( as part of NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander Team ), 2006 and 2005.
Almost all of the of the U. S. federal government / NASA owned property that makes up the JPL campus is today located in the city of La Cañada Flintridge, California, on the northwest border of Pasadena, with a La Cañada Flintridge address ( 4800 Oak Grove Drive, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011 ).
The lab has an open house once a year on a Saturday and Sunday in May or June, when the public is invited to tour the facilities and see live demonstrations of JPL science and technology.
Mariner 3 ( together with Mariner 4 known as Mariner-Mars 1964 ) was one of two identical deep-space probes designed and built by Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) for NASA's Mariner Mars 1964 Project that were intended to conduct close-up ( flyby ) scientific observations of the planet Mars and transmit information on interplanetary space and the space surrounding Mars, televised images of the Martian surface and occultation data of spacecraft radio signals as affected by the Martian atmosphere back to Earth.
It was in use for the official almanacs and planetary ephemerides from 1960 to 1983, and was replaced in official almanacs for 1984 and after, by numerically integrated Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris DE200 ( based on the JPL relativistic coordinate time scale T < sub > eph </ sub >).
By this time, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) had become interested in the idea of planetary aerobots, and in fact a team under Jim Cutts of JPL had been working on concepts for planetary aerobots for several years, as well as performing experiments to validate aerobot technology.
By 1996, JPL was working on a full-fledged aerobot experiment named PAT, for " Planetary Aerobot Testbed ", which was intended to demonstrate a complete planetary aerobot through flights into Earth's atmosphere.
While these tests and experiments were going on, JPL performed a number of speculative studies for planetary aerobot missions to Mars, Venus, Saturn's moon Titan, and the outer planets.
JPL has also pursued similar studies on Venus aerobots.
JPL has built a simple prototype that looks three beachballs on a tubular frame.
JPL scientists confirmed that another impact event on Jupiter had occurred, probably a small undiscovered comet or other icy body.
Together with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), ABMA built Explorer 1 in 84 days and launched it on January 31, 1958.
Among other limitations, the Army submission focused on the vehicle, while a payload was assumed to become available from JPL, and the network of ground tracking stations was assumed to be a Navy project.
The first un-ambiguous detection of Venus was made by Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) on 10 March 1961.
Hence, beginning in 1958, NASA JPL and the Caltech crew became focused primarily on unmanned flight and shifted away from military applications with a few exceptions.
Vulcan was a database application that ran on the CP / M operating system, and was modeled on JPL / DIS, a Univac 1106 program used at JPL and written by fellow programmer Jeb Long.

JPL and more
By 2005, Greenland was beginning to lose more ice volume than anyone expected – an annual loss of up to per year, according to more recent satellite gravity measurements released by JPL.
* telnet :// ssd. jpl. nasa. gov: 6775 telnet for JPL Horizons, easier and more comprehensive than web version
The JPL astronomers also noted that there are " 50 billion other galaxies ," potentially yielding more than one sextillion " Earth analog " planets if all galaxies have similar numbers of planets to the Milky Way.
* telnet :// ssd. jpl. nasa. gov: 6775 telnet for JPL Horizons, easier and more comprehensive than web version
* telnet :// ssd. jpl. nasa. gov: 6775 telnet for JPL Horizons, easier and more comprehensive than web version

JPL and experiments
JPL traces its beginnings to 1936 in the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology ( GALCIT ) when the first set of rocket experiments were carried out in the Arroyo Seco.

JPL and lead
Conversely, JPL, through the Caltech lawyers representing the laboratory, allege that Coppedge's termination was simply due to budget cuts and his demotion from team lead was because of harassment complaints and from on-going conflicts with his co-workers.

JPL and Mars
JPL also led the way in interplanetary exploration with the Mariner missions to Venus, Mars, and Mercury.
The Mariner program was a program conducted by the American space agency NASA in conjunction with Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) that launched a series of robotic interplanetary probes designed to investigate Mars, Venus and Mercury from 1962 to 1973.
The word " pixel " was first published in 1965 by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL, to describe the picture elements of video images from space probes to the Moon and Mars.
* Mars Meteorite Home Page ( JPL )
People of note born in Wynnewood include musician Roy Milton, General Tommy Franks, who commanded the invasion forces of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq, and Donna Shirley, who led the Mars Pathfinder project at JPL and James Allen, former NFL running back for the Chicago Bears and Houston Texans.
* Mars Exploration Rover project, NASA / JPL document NSS ISDC 2001 27 May 2001
* ( obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page )
After unsuccessful attempts to contact the lander by the Mars Odyssey orbiter up to and past the Martian summer solstice on May 12, 2010, JPL declared the lander to be dead.
JPL, under Pickering's direction flew further Explorer 3 and Pioneer missions as well as the Ranger and Surveyor missions to the moon and the several Mariner flybys of Venus and Mars.
* Press releases from JPL relating to Mars spherules: Initial press release, composition results

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