Sculpture representing two founders of Jainism: left, Rishabha ( Jain tirthankar ) | Rishabha first of the 24 tirthankara s ; right Mahavira, the last of those 24, who consolidated and reformed the religious and philosophical system.

The word in the middle is " Ahimsa in Jainism | Ahimsa ".

An image of Ambika ( Jainism ) | Ambika under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the Ellora Caves

Folio from a Kalpasutra ( Jainism ) | Kalpasutra ( Book of Sacred Precepts ) by Acharya Bhadrabahu, c. 1400 CE

The naked statue of Jain Arihant ( Jainism ) | Arihnata, Bahubali at Shravanabelagola built in 10th Century.

Karma in Jainism | Karma as Action ( philosophy ) | action and reaction: if we sow Goodness and value theory | goodness, we will reap goodness.

An image of Jain goddess Ambika ( Jainism ) | Ambika in Cave 34 of the Ellora Caves

* Umāsvāti or Umasvami ( 2nd Century CE ), author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, Tattvārthasūtra, expounding the Jain philosophy in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism.

Jain doctrine teaches that Jainism has always existed and will always exist, although historians date the foundation of the organized or present form of Jainism to sometime between the 9th and the 6th century BCE.

As noted, however, Jain mythology asserts that the line of Tirthankars in the present era began with Rishabhdeva ; moreover, Jains themselves believe that Jainism has no single founder, and that it has always existed and will always exist, although it is occasionally forgotten by humans.

The first Jain temple to be built outside India was constructed and consecrated in the 1960s in Mombasa, Kenya by the local Gujarati Jain community, although Jainism in the West mostly came about after the Oswal and Jain diaspora spread to the West in the late 1970s and 1980s.

Jainism is presently a strong faith in the United States, and several dozen Jain temples have been built there, primarily by the Gujarati community.

* Nagendra Kr Singh, Indo-European Jain Research Foundation, Encyclopaedia of Jainism ISBN 81-261-0691-3, ISBN 978-81-261-0691-2

The defeat of the Jain Western Ganga Dynasty ( of present-day south Karnataka ) by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnava Hinduism and Virashaivism in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism.

A Jain temple is the place of worship for Jains, the followers of Jainism.

Emperor Samprati is regarded as the " Jain Ashoka " for his patronage and efforts to spreading Jainism in east India.

Through the ages, Jain philosophers have adamantly rejected and opposed the concept of creator and omnipotent God and this has resulted in Jainism being labeled as nāstika darsana or atheist philosophy by the rival religious philosophies.

* The central texts of Jainism, the Jain scriptures, are recorded ( approximate date ).

According to Jain texts, Ravana will be the future Tirthankara ( omniscient teacher ) of Jainism.

According to another Jain text, Padmapurana, which narrates the story of Rama, Ravana belongs to the non-aryan clan of Vidyadhara — a highly cultured and knowledgeable people who were followers of Jainism and practised Ahimsa ( non-violence ).

In Jainism, Naraka is the name given to realm of existence in Jain cosmology having great suffering.

* There is a Brahmin community in South Karnataka which is traditional follower of Jainism and is known as Jain Brahmin.

* Jainism, also known as Jain Dharma ( ज ै न धर ् म ), is a religion and philosophy

Jainism is a religious tradition in which all life is considered to be worthy of respect and Jain teaching emphasises this equality of all life advocating the non-harming of even the smallest creatures.

The Buddhist practice of this does not extend to the extremes exhibited by Jainism, but from both the Buddhist and Jain perspectives, non-violence suggests an intimate involvement with, and relationship to, all living things.

* Navkar Mantra also known as Namaskar Mantra is the fundamental prayer in Jainism and can be recited at any time.

Meditation in Jainism aims at taking the soul to status of complete freedom from bondages.

Navakar Mantra is the fundamental prayer in Jainism and can be recited at any time of the day.

There are some traditions within Jainism that have no prayer at all, and are focused on meditation through scripture reading and philosophical discussions.

* Jainism at Florida International University

The statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali at Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa is one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in Jainism, one that reached a peak in architectural and sculptural activity under the patronage of Western Ganga Dynasty of Talakad.

According to Jainism, five Tirthankaras were born at Ayodhya, including Adinath ( first Tirthankar ),

The Bhakti movement in Hinduism was founded by Tamil saints at this time, and rose along with the growing influence of Jainism and Buddhism.

These practices and their underlying assumptions were present in the culture of Greater Magadha at an early date and are likely to have influenced Jainism and other religions.

The orthodox Hindu philosophies of Samkhya, Yoga, Vedanta, as well as the non-orthodox Nastika systems of Jainism and Buddhism can all be seen as representing one stream of spiritual activity in Ancient India, in contrast to the Bhakti traditions and Vedic ritualism which were also prevalent at the same time.

According to Jain traditions, it was on this day, falling at the beginning of chaturmas, the four month rainy season retreat, Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, after attaining Kaivalya, made Indrabhuti Gautam, later known as Gautam Swami, a Ganadhara, his first disciple, thus becoming a Guru himself, therefore it is observed in Jainism as Guru Purnima, and is marked special veneration to one's Gurus and teachers.

Indeed, the title character of the sixth century Tamil Buddhist epic Manimekalai is advised at one point to study the various Hindu schools of philosophy, such as Sankhya and Vaisheshika as well as Buddhism, Ajivika, Cārvāka, and Jainism.

In 1110, at the age of 21, he was ordained as an acharya of the Svetambara sect of Jainism and was given the name Somachandra ( popularly Hemachandra ).

One of the famous books on Jainism ‘ Shetrunjay Mahatmya ’ was also written by Acharya Dhaneshwar Surji at Vallabhi.

According to Jainism, Rishabha was born to Nabhi Raja and Marudevi at Ayodhya.

* Virachand Gandhi-Represented Jainism at the first ever World Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893.

Kuśināra and Pava are very important in the history of Buddhism and Jainism since Buddha and Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara took their last meals at Kushinara and Pava / Pavapuri respectively.

Pope Benedict XVI met with about 200 representatives of Islam, Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism at the Pope John Paul II Cultural Center on April 17, 2008.

In these three volumes, he compares the yoga of Jainism with the other varieties of yoga prevalent in India at the time.