Along with James II's perceived despotism, his religion was the main cause of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and the previous linked religious and succession problems solved by the joint monarchy of William and Mary.

In England ( and after 1707 Great Britain ) the Oath of Abjuration denied the royal title of James II's heirs ( i. e. the direct Catholic descendent of the House of Stuart exiled after the Glorious Revolution in 1688 ).

Towards the end of Charles II's reign ( 1660 – 85 ) there was some debate about whether or not his brother, James, Duke of York, should be allowed to succeed to the throne.

England and the United Provinces had already begun raising armies, and now, although Louis had treated William as King of England since the Treaty of Ryswick, he now recognized James II's son, the Catholic James Francis Edward Stuart ( the " Old Pretender "), as the rightful monarch.

However, with the loss of James II's position in Ireland, any plans for a real invasion are soon shelved and Teignmouth is the last-ever French attack on England.

The term ' Whig ' entered English political discourse during the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678 – 1681 when there was controversy about whether or not King Charles II's brother, James, should be allowed to succeed to the throne on Charles's death.

This war, provoked in 1664, contained quite a few great English victories in battle such as James II's taking of the Dutch colony of New Netherland ( present day New York ), but also Dutch victories, such as the capture of the Prince Royal during the Four Days Battle in 1666 which was the subject of a famous painting by Willem van de Velde.

Most of James II's troops at the Boyne were Irish Catholics.

File: WLA vanda Wedding suit worn by James II. jpg | James II's wedding suit

Georgia's founder and colonial governor, James Oglethorpe, renamed the island " Amelia Island " in honor of Princess Amelia ( 1710 – 1786 ), King George II's daughter, although the island was still a Spanish possession.

As part of the broader political conflict in the British Isles brought on by religious war, The Killing Time was characterized by a Scottish civil war between Presbyterian dissenters ( Covenanters ) and Charles II's and James VII's episcopal Anglican church policy.

His family connections wove him into the fabric of European politics ( his sister Arabella became James II's mistress, and their son, the Duke of Berwick, emerged as one of Louis XIV's greatest Marshals ).

" If the King should attempt to change our religion ," he is reputed to have remarked to Lord Galway shortly after James II's succession, " I will instantly quit his service.

James II's promotion of Catholics in royal institutions – including the army – engendered first suspicion, and ultimately sedition in his mainly Protestant subjects ; even members of his own family expressed alarm at the King's fanatic zeal for the Roman Catholic religion.

With barely a shot fired, William had secured the throne, reigning as joint sovereign with his wife Mary, James II's eldest daughter.

His task was urgent, for less than six months after James II's departure, England joined the war against France as part of a powerful coalition aimed at curtailing the ambitions of Louis XIV.

The spirit of the age saw little wrong in Marlborough's continuing friendship with his nephew, the Duke of Berwick, James II's illegitimate son with Arabella.

Lord Crew, bishop of Durham, collated him to the rectory of Long Newton in his diocese in 1687, and intended to give him that of Sedgefield with a prebend had not Baker incurred his displeasure by refusing to read James II's Declaration of Indulgence.

Lynch suggests that the troubles of the 1450s between James II and the Douglases which have been interpreted by some historians as the legacy of Robert II's policy of encouraging powerful lordships was in fact a continuation of David II's build up of local lords in the Marches and Galloway — Robert was satisfied with government to leave alone the Douglas and the Stewart earls in their fiefdoms.

The Parliament of Scotland revoked alienations of crown property and prohibited them, without the consent of the Estates, that is, until James II's eighteenth birthday.

Its principal focus is Robert the Bruce and Sir James Douglas, but the second half of the poem also features actions of Robert II's Stewart forebears in the conflict.

James Longstreet ( January 8, 1821 – January 2, 1904 ) was one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee, who called him his " Old War Horse.

Brown writes that James had come to power after ' fifty years when kings looked like magnates and magnates acted like kings ' and succeeded in completely changing both the aims and outlook of the monarchy but at the cost of his own life — his policy of reducing the power and influence of the magnates, continued by his son James II, led to a more subordinate nobility.

The idea of cultural cringe was defined by Australian sociologists Brian Head and James Walter as the belief that one's own country occupies a " subordinate cultural place on the periphery ", and that " intellectual standards are set and innovations occur elsewhere ".

Although the overall commander was Johan Banér, the spectacular victory was largely the work of Leslie and his subordinate, a fellow Scotsman, Lieutenant-General James King, a fact related by Banér himself in his report of the battle to Axel Oxenstierna.

Gen. James E. Slaughter, and met with Slaughter's subordinate Col. John Salmon Ford at Port Isabel in March 1865.

Media historian James Chapman notes that Bond's relationship with Leiter represented the Special Relationship between Britain and America, although the American Leiter is in the subordinate position to the British Bond.

Discretionary orders were customary for General Lee because Jackson and James Longstreet, his other principal subordinate, usually reacted to them very well and could use their initiative to respond to conditions and achieve the desired results.

From August 1803, Wellesley's army and a separate force under the command of his subordinate Colonel James Stevenson had been pursuing the Maratha cavalry-based army which threatened to raid south into Hyderabad.

Wellesley was determined to gain the initiative through offensive action and told his senior subordinate, Colonel James Stevenson, that " a long defensive war would ruin us and will answer no purpose whatever ".

As a Confederate army under General Braxton Bragg besieged Union forces at Chattanooga, Tennessee, a detachment under the command of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, a trusted subordinate of Robert E. Lee, was sent to Knoxville to prevent Burnside's Army of the Ohio from moving in support of Chattanooga.

The seven Irish peerages ( the Duke of Tyrconnell, Viscount Kenmare, Viscount Mountcashell, Viscount Mount Leinster, Baron Bourke, Baron Nugent, Baron Fitton of Gawsworth-and their subordinate peerages ) created by James II in 1689 are in an anomalous legal position, even from the Hanoverian viewpoint.

Sherman's force of about 100, 000 men was composed of three subordinate armies: the Army of the Tennessee ( Grant's and later Sherman's army of 1862 – 63 ) under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson ; the Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas ; and the relatively small Army of the Ohio ( composed of only the XXIII Corps ) under Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield.

The new king in London, James I, decided on a revolutionary plan designed once and for all to subordinate Ulster.

The issue of cultural alienation has led the Australian sociologists Brian Head and James Walter to interpret the cultural cringe as the belief that one's own country occupies a " subordinate cultural place on the periphery " and that " intellectual standards are set and innovations occur elsewhere.

Rumor has it that it was nicknamed ' Bletchley-in-the-Tropics ' after the English country house where the Enigma code was broken ( Sir William Stephenson, the Canadian-born British spymaster who was the subject of the book and film A Man Called Intrepid resided for a time at the Princess, following the war, before buying a home on the island, and was often visited there by his former subordinate, James Bond novelist Ian Fleming ).

British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759, when they finally captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec ( in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders ), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south.

Henry appointed the Duke of Bedford and James as the joint commanders of the siege of Dreux on 18 July 1421 and on 20 August they received the surrender of the garrison.

The following day the Confederate commanders Gen. James Green Martin and Col. William Holland Thomas ( for whom the Legion was named ) negotiated a surrender.

Following General Sir Charles James Napier's 1843 conquest of Sindh, the satirical magazine Punch published a cartoon in which Napier dispatched to his commanders, " Peccavi ," Latin for " I have sinned " ( and a pun of " I have Sindh ").

The Spanish corps included a force of 2, 000 English / Irish Royalists – formed as the nucleus of potential army for the invasion of England by Charles II, with Charles ' brother James, Duke of York, amongst its commanders – was sent to relieve the town.

The overall commanders of the English and Dutch military forces were Lord High Admiral James, Duke of York, afterwards King James II of England, and Admiral-General William III of Orange, James ' son-in-law and also a future King of England.

In 1691, Patrick Sarsfield, who had been one of King James II's senior Irish commanders during his battles in Ireland with William of Orange for the English, Scottish and Irish thrones ( see Glorious Revolution ), was given the title of Earl of Lucan.

However, historian James Weland has concluded that senior commanders had tacitly allowed field operatives to proceed on their own initiative, then endorsed the result.

" Three of Jackson's four division commanders at Chancellorsville, Generals James Lane, Robert Rodes, and Raleigh Colston, were VMI graduates as were over twenty of his brigadiers and colonels.

According to Robert R. James, no evidence for any such disdain on the part of British commanders for their Australian troops actually exists.

Its wartime commanders included Major General John Millikin and Major General James A.

Brigade commanders Denis Pack, James Douglas, and Thomas Brisbane were wounded.

Beginning with the famous section about Longstreet's spy Harrison gathering information about the movements and positions of the Federals, each day is told primarily from the perspectives of commanders of the two armies, including Robert E. Lee and James Longstreet for the Confederacy, and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and John Buford for the Union.

The Spanish army of 15, 000 troops was augmented by a force of 3, 000 English Royalists — formed as the nucleus of potential army for the invasion of England by Charles II, with Charles's brother James, Duke of York, among its commanders.

In order to avert further armed clashes, U. S. General James Wilkinson and Spanish Lt. Col. Simón de Herrera, the two military commanders in the region, signed an agreement declaring the disputed territory Neutral Ground ( November 5, 1806 ), until the boundary could be formally established by their respective governments.

The subsequent brigade commanders were Goode Bryan and James P. Simms.

In 1781, James Lovell, who designed cipher systems used by several prominent Americans, determined the encryption method that British commanders used to communicate with each other.

McClellan himself was not present on the battlefield, having preceded his army to Harrison's Landing on the James, and Porter was the most senior of the corps commanders.

The loss of commanders and the presence of Confederate ironclads on the James put an end to the XVIII Corps ' drive on Chaffin's Bluff along the James River.

* XIV Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, 26, 058 present for duty with division commanders Maj. Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau, Maj. Gen. James S. Negley, Brig.

Captain James W. Fannin was one of the commanders at the Battle of Concepción.