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Page "History of ancient Israel and Judah" ¶ 24
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Jerusalem and while
The progressive closing of Afro-Asian ears to the Christian message is epitomized in a conversation I had three years ago while flying from Jerusalem to Cairo.
In 1152 Baldwin had himself crowned sole king, and civil war broke out, with Melisende retaining Jerusalem while Baldwin held territory further north.
The kingdom of Cyprus passed to Hugh, his only surviving son, while the kingdom of Jerusalem passed to Maria, the daughter of Isabella by her previous marriage with Conrad of Montferrat.
On hearing that God had blessed Obed-edom because of the presence of the Ark in his house, David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites, while he himself, " girded with a linen ephod ," " danced before the Lord with all his might " and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem — a performance that caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his first wife, Saul's daughter Michal ( 2 Sam.
The Kebra Nagast, composed to legitimise the new dynasty ruling Ethiopia following its establishment in 1270, narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance, while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem.
Catholic Christians, following the Canon of Trent, describe these books as deuterocanonical, meaning of " the second canon ," while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the Synod of Jerusalem ( 1672 ), use the traditional name of anagignoskomena, meaning " that which is to be read.
Before Wiseman's publication, Thiele had determined from the biblical texts that Nebuchadnezzar's initial capture of Jerusalem occurred in the spring of 597 BC, while other scholars, including Albright, more frequently dated the event to 598 BC.
The Assyrian attacks on Israel ( the northern kingdom ) led to an influx of refugees into Judah, which would have increased social stresses, while at the same time the authorities in Jerusalem had to invest huge amounts in tribute and defense.
Ezekiel and Jeremiah wrote prior to the fall of Jerusalem, while continuing to prophesy in the earlier exile period.
Jehoiakim died while the Babylonians were marching towards Jerusalem and Jehoiakim's eight-year-old son Jehoiachin assumed the throne.
Christians explain that such selectivity is based on rulings made by early Jewish Christians in the Book of Acts, at the Council of Jerusalem, that, while believing gentiles did not need to fully convert to Judaism, they should follow some aspects of Torah like avoiding idolatry and fornication and blood, including, according to some interpretations, homosexuality.
All Christian monasticism stems, either directly or indirectly, from the Egyptian example: Saint Basil the Great Archbishop of Caesaria of Cappadocia, founder and organizer of the monastic movement in Asia Minor, visited Egypt around AD 357 and his rule is followed by the Eastern Orthodox Churches ; Saint Jerome who translated the Bible into Latin, came to Egypt, while en route to Jerusalem, around AD 400 and left details of his experiences in his letters ; Benedict founded the Benedictine Order in the 6th century on the model of Saint Pachomius, but in a stricter form.
Today it also serves as the headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, while control of the building is shared between several Christian churches and secular entities in complicated arrangements essentially unchanged for centuries.
In addition the Byzantines, while releasing 5, 000 Muslim prisoners, made demands for the restoration of other churches destroyed by Al-Hakim and the re-establishment of a Patriarch in Jerusalem.
At a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997, the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem, while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon.
Three of the members were missing ; Yehuda Leib Maimon and Yitzhak Gruenbaum were detained in besieged Jerusalem, while Yitzhak-Meir Levin was in the United States.
* 1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the river Saleph while leading an army to Jerusalem.
However, the account of Josephus differs from that of later works by Hegesippus, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, and Eusebius of Caesarea that it simply has James stoned while the others have other variations such as having James thrown from the top of the Temple, stoned, and finally beaten to death by laundrymen as well as his death occurring during the siege of Jerusalem in AD 69.
According to this account, the birth of John was foretold by the angel Gabriel to Zachariah, while Zachariah was performing his functions as a priest in the temple of Jerusalem.
In the narrative of the book of Acts, while traveling on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to " bring them which were there bound unto Jerusalem ", the resurrected Jesus appeared to him in a great light.
In the spring of 1180, while Saladin was in the area of Safad, anxious to commence a vigorous campaign against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, King Baldwin sent messengers to him with proposals of peace.
Critical translations of the Old Testament, while using the Masoretic Text as their basis, consult the Septuagint as well as other versions in an attempt to reconstruct the meaning of the Hebrew text whenever the latter is unclear, undeniably corrupt, or ambiguous .. For example, the Jerusalem Bible Foreword says, "... only when this ( the Masoretic Text ) presents insuperable difficulties have emendations or other versions, such as the ... LXX, been used.
In one tale, Asmodeus brought a man with two heads from under the earth to show Solomon ; the man, unable to return, married a woman from Jerusalem and had seven sons, six of whom resembled the mother, while one resembled the father in having two heads.

Jerusalem and probably
His older brother, Antimenidas, appears to have served as a mercenary in the army of Nebuchadnezzar II and probably took part in the conquest of Judaea and the destruction of Jerusalem in 587 BC.
The first, termed Proto-Isaiah ( chapters 1 – 39 ), contains the words of the 8th-century BCE prophet with 7th-century BCE expansions ; the second, Deutero-Isaiah ( chapters 40 – 55 ), is the work of a 6th-century BCE author writing near the end of the Babylonian captivity ; and the third, the poetic Trito-Isaiah ( chapters 56 – 66 ), was composed in Jerusalem shortly after the return from exile, probably by multiple authors.
Chapters 49 – 55 probably come from a slightly later period, after Babylon had fallen to Cyrus and the return to Jerusalem became a real possibility.
It is attributed to the prophet Nahum, and was probably written in Jerusalem in the 7th century BC.
Jesus himself participated in this sort of service as a reader and commentator ( see Gospel of Luke ) and his followers probably remained worshipers in synagogues in some cities, for example the Cenacle in Jerusalem.
A famous marble set, probably 2nd century, was brought to St Peter's, Rome by Constantine I, and placed round the saint's shrine, and was thus familiar throughout the Middle Ages, by which time they were thought to have been removed from the Temple of Jerusalem.
The antiquity of the creed has been located by most biblical scholars to no more than five years after Jesus ' death, probably originating from the Jerusalem apostolic community.
Although Eusebius does not say as much, the temple of Aphrodite was probably built as part of Hadrian's reconstruction of Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina in 135, following the destruction of the Jewish Revolt of 70 and the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132 – 135.
The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before or shortly after the First Jerusalem Council, probably on his way to it, and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus ( he would have traveled a short distance, since Tarsus is in Cilicia ) after his first visit to Jerusalem as a Christian, or during his first missionary journey, when he traveled throughout southern Galatia.
He states that the documents probably stemmed from various libraries in Jerusalem, kept safe in the desert from the Roman invasions.
Eusebius references to the encampment of the Legio X Fretensis at Aila ( in southern Israel, near modern Aqaba and Eilat ); the X Fretensis was probably transferred from Jerusalem to Aila under Diocletian.
The concentration of the biblical literature on the experience of the exiles in Babylon disguises the fact that the great majority of the population remained in Judah, and for them life after the fall of Jerusalem probably went on much as it had before.
Yehud's population over the entire period was probably never more than about 30, 000, and that of Jerusalem no more than about 1, 500, most of them connected in some way to the Temple.
Yet it was probably only in the middle of the next century, at the earliest, that Jerusalem again became the capital of Judah.
Inside that synagogue's ruins was discovered a rectangular stone, which had on its surface, among other ornate carvings, a depiction of the seven-branched menorah differing markedly from the depiction on the Arch of Titus, probably carved by an eyewitness to the actual menorah present at the time in the Temple at Jerusalem.
This view is confirmed by the " Prague Fragments " and by certain Old Glagolitic liturgical fragments brought from Jerusalem to Kiev and there discovered by Saresnewsky — probably the oldest document for the Slavonic tongue ; these adhere closely to the Latin type, as is shown by the words " Mass ," " Preface ," and the name of one Felicitas.
He was passed over for the prestigious Patriarchate of Jerusalem, and died in obscurity, probably in 1186.
William does not mention exactly what happened during these embassies, but he probably discussed the Byzantine alliance with Jerusalem, and Manuel's protectorate over Antioch, where, due to pressure from Rome and Jerusalem, the emperor was forced to give up his attempts to restore a Greek patriarch.
Sicarii ( Latin plural of Sicarius ' dagger-men ' or later contract-killer, Hebrew סיקריקים ) is a term applied, in the decades immediately preceding the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, ( probably ) to an extremist splinter group of the Jewish Zealots, who attempted to expel the Romans and their partisans from Judea using concealed daggers ( sicae ).
A valley descending southwest from Jerusalem to the Valley of Elah below, it is an ancient route from the coastal plain to the Judean Hills, probably named after the legendary race of giants.
We are therefore led to believe that the building was ruined, probably by an earthquake, between this period and 1402, when the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem arrived and recorded that it was in ruins.
According to legend, the relic was given to the cathedral by Charlemagne who received it as a gift from Emperor Constantine VI during a crusade to Jerusalem, however this legend was pure fiction ( Charlemagne never went to the Holy Land ) – probably invented in the 11th century to authenticate some relics at the Abbey of St Denis.

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