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Jewish and Arab
Extreme instances of persecution include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Cossack massacres in Ukraine, various pogroms in Russia, the Dreyfus affair, the Final Solution by Hitler's Germany, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies and the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.
The town became a refuge for the Arab, Christian, and Jewish colonies of that region.
* 1929 – Hebron Massacre during the 1929 Palestine riots: Arab attack on the Jewish community in Hebron in the British Mandate of Palestine, continuing until the next day, resulted in the death of 65-68 Jews and the remaining Jews being forced to leave the city.
See Jewish exodus from Arab lands.
Martin Buber and Hugo Bergmann, who viewed Steiner's social ideas as a solution to the ArabJewish conflict, were also influenced by Anthroposophy.
A number of these organizations are striving to foster positive relationships between the Arab and Jewish populations: The Harduf Waldorf school includes both Jewish and Arab faculty and students, and has extensive contact with the surrounding Arab communities.
Most of them were Dutch, French, British ( English ), Arab and Jewish ( from Lebanon and Morocco ), Chinese ( especially from Macau ), American, and Brazilian ( including people of Portuguese and African descent ).
In the face of armed revolt of Jewish militant groups and increasing violence of the local Arab population, Britain had found itself unable to control events.
Following the British conquest of Syria in the First World War and the formation of the Mandatory state of Palestine, Jewish-Arab tensions gradually evolved into the Arab-Israeli conflict — a collision of the Arab and Jewish nationalist movements.
His conscription policies led to a popular Arab revolt in 1834, resulting in major casualties for the local Arab peasants and massacres of Christian and Jewish communities by the rebels.
The emergence of Palestinian Nationalism and anti-Jewish sentiments, fed by the collapse of the Arab kingdom of Syria and increased Jewish immigration led to Arab rioting in 1920 and 1921.
Arab attacks on isolated Jewish settlements and the British failure to protect them led to the creation of the Haganah (" Defense "), a mainly socialist underground Jewish militia dedicated to defending Jewish settlements.
With Arab labor immigration to Mandatory Palestine peaking through the 1930s, the increased persecution of European Jews led to a marked increase in Jewish immigration as well.
Increased Jewish immigration contributed to the large-scale Arab Revolt in Palestine ( 1936 – 1939 ), a largely nationalist uprising directed at ending British rule.
The British responded with the Peel Commission ( 1936 – 37 ), which recommended that an exclusively Jewish territory be created in the Galilee and along much of the western coast ( requiring the expulsion of 200, 000 Arabs ) the rest becoming an exclusively Arab area.
The Woodhead Commission ( 1938 ) reported that the Peel Commission was unworkable and recommended setting up smaller Arab and Jewish zones, but this plan was rejected by both Arabs and Jews.

Jewish and communities
Antisemitism may be manifested in many ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Jews to organized violent attacks by mobs, state police, or even military attacks on entire Jewish communities.
Also, prior to the massive Sephardic emigrations to the Middle East in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Jewish communities of what are today Syria, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Egypt and Yemen were known by other Jewish communities as Musta ' arabi Jews or " like Arabs ".
A resolution of the Grand Council, on 15 May 1877, granted citizens ' rights to the members of the Jewish communities of those places, giving them charters under the names of New Endingen and New Lengnau.
The Therapeutae, pagan ascetic hermits and loosely organized cenobitic communities described by the Hellenized Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria in the first century, were long established in the harsh environments by Lake Mareotis close to Alexandria, and in other less-accessible regions.
The uniform use of brass for coinage and military equipment across the Roman world may indicate a degree of state involvement in the industry, and brass even seems to have been deliberately boycotted by Jewish communities in Palestine because of its association with Roman authority.
" He visited the towns of Oppenheim and Speyer, both of which have notable Jewish communities.
To this effect it instituted a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim, Jewish, and pagan communities of Medina bringing them within the fold of one community — the Ummah.
Together with our responsibility to Israel is our obligation to strengthen and enrich the life of Jewish communities throughout the world — including, it need hardly be said, our own.
" Other notable writers who have explored regional and ethnic communities in their detective novels are Harry Kemelman, whose Rabbi Small series were set the Conservative Jewish community of Massachusetts ; Walter Mosley, whose Easy Rawlins books are set in the African American community of 1950s Los Angeles ; and Sara Paretsky, whose V. I. Warshawski books have explored the various subcultures of Chicago.
The chief complaint was that the Jewish communities sometimes erred in setting Passover to fall before the northern hemisphere spring equinox.
The second seder, observed in some Jewish communities on the second night of Passover can, however, occur on Thursday night.
At the same time a large Sephardi Jewish emigrant community from the Iberian peninsula established itself in Thessaloniki, while there were population movements of Arvanites and Vlachs, who established communities in several parts of the Greek peninsula.
Hence sectarians and followers of gnosticism were first rejected by the Jewish communities of the Mediterranean ( see the Notzrim 139 – 67 BCE ), then by the Christian communities and finally by the late Hellenistic philosophical communities ( see Neoplatonism and Gnosticism ).
Numerous Polish Jews emigrated to France, Germany and America, founding Jewish communities in places where they had been expelled from during the Middle Ages.
Ashkenazi Hebrew, originating in Central and Eastern Europe, is still widely used in Ashkenazi Jewish religious services and studies in Israel and abroad, particularly in the Haredi and other Orthodox communities.
At first the beginning of each Jewish month was signaled to the communities of Israel and beyond by fires lit on mountaintops, but after the Samaritans began to light false fires, messengers were sent.
The inability of the messengers to reach communities outside Israel before mid-month High Holy Days ( Succot and Passover ) led outlying communities to celebrate scriptural festivals for two days rather than one, observing the second feast-day of the Jewish diaspora because of uncertainty of whether the previous month ended after 29 or 30 days.

Jewish and fought
During World War I, Zionist volunteers fought in the Jewish Legion of the British Army against the Ottomans because they expected the British would be less opposed to the Zionist project than the Ottoman authorities.
He initially fought against the Romans during the First Jewish – Roman War as the head of Jewish forces in Galilee, until surrendering in 67 to Roman forces led by Vespasian after the six-week siege of Jotapata.
He fought the Romans in the First Jewish-Roman War of 66 – 73 as a Jewish military leader in Galilee.
JDL also protested against the oppression of Jewish population in Muslim countries, fought Neo-Nazis in the United States and resisted Christian missionaries ' activity to convert Jews.
Accidentally killing noncombatants in the cross fire of battles being fought in the middle of cities is immoral, unless ... refraining from fighting in the Palestinian cities inevitably means the Palestinians will use the safe havens of their cities to plan, prepare and launch ever more murderous attacks on Jewish noncombatants.
* The Battle of Beth Zur is fought between Jewish rebel forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army led by the regent Lysias.
* The Battle of Beth Horon is fought between Jewish forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army.
* Miles Lerman ( 1920 – 2008 ), Holocaust survivor who fought as a Jewish resistance fighter during World War II in Nazi occupied Poland and helped to plan and create the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D. C.
Further enraging Czech sentiment, he fought against the old superstition of Jewish blood libel during the Hilsner Trial of 1899.
In an expanded incident a new Jewish character is given a key role in making sure a duel is fought.
He fought against the Bolsheviks by attempting to preserve Jewish life in Russia.
Weizmann's efforts to integrate Jews from Palestine in the war against Germany resulted in the creation of the Jewish Brigade, which fought mainly in the Italian front.
Jewish world light heavyweight world champion boxer Mike " The Jewish Bomber " Rossman fought with a Star of David embroidered on his boxing trunks, and also has a blue Star of David tattoo on the outside of his right calf.
There Rocker was welcomed by many of the Jewish anarchists he had lived and fought alongside for many years.
During the pogroms, he organized self-defense units in Jewish communities across Russia and fought for the civil rights of the Jewish population as a whole.
Some, like Vsevolod Mikhailovich Eikhenbaum, also known as " Voline " were intellectuals who served on the Cultural-Educational Commission, wrote his manifestos, and edited his journals, but the great majority fought in the ranks of the Anarchist Black Army, either in special detachments of Jewish artillery and infantry, or else within the regular anarchist army brigades alongside peasants and workers of Ukrainian, Russian, and other ethnic origins.
Many German and Austrian Jewish refugees from Nazism emigrated to Britain and many fought for Britain in the second World War.
The Golan Antiquities Museum in Katzrin houses archeological findings from the region and screens an audiovisual presentation about Gamla, a Jewish town in the Golan Heights that fought the Romans in the 1st century.
The miniature city was named after George Maduro, a Jewish law student from Curaçao who fought the Nazi occupation forces as a member of the Dutch resistance and died at Dachau concentration camp in 1945.
Sinding had made several remarks against the occupation, had fought for the rights of Jewish musicians during the early 1930s, was a close friend of the war hero Nordahl Grieg, and had suffered from severe senile dementia since the late 1930s.
Throughout World War II, Betar was a major source of recruits for both the Jewish regiments that fought the Nazis alongside the British and the Jewish forces that waged an ongoing guerrilla war against the British in Palestine.

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