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John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders ; he was enjoying papal favour ; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of his experienced army.

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John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto IV, Count Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders.

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