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Joseph and Greenberg's
In the early 20th century, Carl Meinhof claimed that Fula was a Hamitic language, but August von Klingenhaben and Joseph Greenberg's work conclusively established Fula's close relationship with Wolof and Serer.
Linguist William Poser in Language Log has criticized some of Cavalli-Sforza's comments about linguistics, in particular the suggestion, echoing controversial linguists Merritt Ruhlen and Joseph Greenberg, that some mainstream linguists are unnecessarily conservative about hypothesized long-range relationships between language families, and an overstatement that Greenberg's critics " have ruled out the possibility of hierarchical classification ", which Cavalli-Sforza did not defend when challenged by Poser, but deferred to Ruhlen.
At present, Songhay is normally considered to be Nilo-Saharan, following Joseph Greenberg's 1963 reclassification of African languages ; Greenberg's argument is based on about 70 claimed cognates, including pronouns.
Other proposals, further back in time ( and proportionately less accepted ), link Indo-European and Uralic with Altaic and the other language families of northern Eurasia, namely Yukaghir, Korean, Japanese, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Nivkh, Ainu, and Eskimo – Aleut, but excluding Yeniseian ( the most comprehensive such proposal is Joseph Greenberg's Eurasiatic ), or link Indo-European, Uralic, and Altaic to Afro-Asiatic and Dravidian ( the traditional form of the Nostratic hypothesis ), and ultimately to a single Proto-Human family.
They were labeled " G13 " in Joseph Greenberg's Adamawa language-family proposal.
Johannes Lukas ( 1937 ) likewise described a " Bua-Gruppe " consisting of Bua, Niellim, and Koke, and in Joseph Greenberg's 1963 classification The Languages of Africa, the three languages were placed together in the Adamawa subphylum as a group named Adamawa-13.
Zuni was also included under Morris Swadesh's Penutioid proposal and Joseph Greenberg's very inclusive Penutian sub-grouping – both without convincing arguments ( Campbell 1997 ).
* within Joseph Greenberg's Nuclear Paezan, most closely related to Paezan and Barbacoan
According to Joseph Greenberg's linguistic universal No. 12, " If a language has dominant order VSO in declarative sentences, it always puts interrogative words or phrases first in interrogative word questions ; if it has dominant order SOV in declarative sentences, there is never such an invariant rule.
In the sixties, Greenberg's and Fried's modernist doctrine dominated the American discussions on art ; meanwhile, the artists Allan Kaprow, Dick Higgins, Henry Flynt, Mel Bochner, Robert Smithson and Joseph Kosuth wrote articles on art exemplifying a pluralistic anti-and post-modernist tendency which gained more influence at the end of the sixties.
They were labeled " G6 " in Joseph Greenberg's Adamawa language-family proposal.
The other two were linguistic methods like Joseph Greenberg's mass comparison of vocabulary or Johanna Nichols's statistical study of language typology and its evolution, and genetic studies pioneered by Cavalli-Sforza.
In Joseph Greenberg's Amerind hypothesis, Kaqchikel is classified as a member of the Penutian stock, in the Mayan branch of the Mexican family within that stock.

Joseph and Language
* Willoughby Sharp Joseph Nechvatal, ( 1984 ) Machine Language Books, NY NY
Noah Webster's assistant, and later chief competitor, Joseph Emerson Worcester, and Webster's son-in-law Chauncey A. Goodrich, published an abridgment of Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language in 1829, with the same number of words and Webster's full definitions, but without the literary references.
In response to Joseph Worcester's groundbreaking dictionary of 1860, the G. & C. Merriam Company created a significantly revised edition, retaining the title American Dictionary of the English Language.
Noah Webster's main competitor was a man named Joseph Emerson Worcester, whose 1830 Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language brought accusations of plagiarism from Webster.
With the emergence of an exclusively language-based art in the 1960s, however, conceptual artists such as Joseph Kosuth, Lawrence Weiner and the English Art & Language group began a far more radical interrogation of art than was previously possible ( see below ).
However it assumed a different meaning when employed by Joseph Kosuth and the English Art and Language group, who discarded the conventional art object in favour of a documented critical inquiry into the artist's social, philosophical and psychological status.
Although the appearance of text in art was by no means novel, it was not until the 1960s that the artists Lawrence Weiner, Edward Ruscha, Joseph Kosuth, Robert Barry, and the English Art & Language group began to produce art by exclusively linguistic means.
The Art & Language group that exhibited in the international Documenta exhibitions of 1972 included Atkinson, Bainbridge, Baldwin, Hurrell, Pilkington and Rushton and the then America editor of Art-Language Joseph Kosuth.
* Bisong, Joseph ( 1995 ) Language Choice and cultural Imperialism: a Nigerian Perspective.
This line was opened by Joseph Armitage Wade, whose house once stood where Hornsea School and Language College stands today.
Reference works such as Joseph E. Worcester's 1860 Dictionary of the English Language defined scalawag as " A low worthless fellow ; a scapegrace.
Some words with Hwair, in Joseph Wright's Grammar of the Gothic Language ( 1910 ).
Progress Software was co-founded under the name Data Language Corporation by several MIT graduates, including Joseph W. Alsop, in 1981.
* _____________, The Language of the Goddess, ( Foreword by Joseph Campbell ), HarperCollins 1991.
A survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language of 10, 000 words taken from several thousand business letters gave this set of statistics:
At the Army Language School, he met the founder of the Hungarian Department, Joseph Szentkiralyi ( Americanized as St. Clair ), and soon found that this was the same man he had met at age 14 in 1933 at the 4th World Scout Jamboree.
* Biddulph, Joseph ( 2004 ) The Mercian Language: Introduction to the English Midlands Dialect of Late Anglo-Saxon and Early Middle English.
" The puzzle of Ngäbére auxiliaries: Grammatical reconstruction in Chibchan and Misumalpan ", in William Croft, Suzanne Kemmer and Keith Denning, eds., Studies in Typology and Diachrony: Papers presented to Joseph H. Greenberg on his 75th birthday, Typological Studies in Language 20, John Benjamins 1990.
* Reference Website on Joseph ZOBEL ( French Language ).
Anthropologist Joseph Opala did the research that linked Bunce Island to the Gullah people and organized the well-publicized Gullah homecomings portrayed in the documentary films “ Family Across the Sea " ( 1990 ), “ The Language You Cry In " ( 1998 ), and “ Priscilla ’ s Homecoming " ( in production ).
Starting with his first album The Language of Truth in 1991, Joseph has four albums, one single, and one soundtrack to his credit, and has focused on live performance, composing, broadcasting and teaching.
The Government of Joseph Lyons went to extraordinary lengths to exclude Kisch, including using the Language Test.
* Gimbutas, Marija and Campbell, Joseph, The Language of the Goddess, Thames & Hudson ( 2001 ) ISBN 0-500-28249-8

Joseph and Americas
In the earliest days of Mormonism, founder Joseph Smith Jr. taught that the Indigenous peoples of the Americas were members of some of the Lost Tribes of Israel.
Dr. Joseph H. Howard, owner of the largest collection of drums and ancillary folk instruments in the Americas, often stated it is " the instrument most typical of Africa.
* Joseph M. Murphy and Mei-Mei Sanford, Osun Across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in African and the Americas, Bloomington 2001.
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II organized expeditions to Africa and the Americas to capture specimens for the zoo.
In 1828, Joseph Smith, Jr., another resident of Palmyra, said he had obtained a record of ancient inhabitants of the Americas engraved on golden plates and that he had been directed by the angel Moroni to translate this work.
Collin / Joseph is now a self-described neo-pagan and edits The Ancient American magazine, which promotes the theory of diffusion of peoples in and out of the Americas in prehistoric times.
The LDS Church also teaches that the gathering of descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh in the Americas fulfills the prophecy of Jacob that " Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well ; whose branches run over the wall :"( Genesis 49: 22 ) wherein the " wall " of the " well " is understood to symbolize the oceans separating the American continent from Eurasia.
The others were Archbishop Peter Paul Brennan of the African Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Catholic Diocese of the Americas, who according to one website was first consecrated a bishop on June 10, 1978, and subsequently reconsecrated in October 1979 and twice more in March 1987 ; Archbishop Patrick E. Trujillo of the Old Catholic Church in America and Archbishop Joseph J. Gouthro of Las Vegas, presiding bishop of the Catholic Apostolic Church International ( CACI ).
In 1941, two Nazi spies, Franz Joseph Stigler and Erwin Wilheim Siegler, worked for United States Lines as members of SS Americas crew.

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