In the United States and Canada, the term Conservative, as applied, does not always indicate that a congregation is affliliated with the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, the movement's central institution and the one to which the term, without qualifier, usually refers.

However, the Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism has a different sociological approach to this issue than does Orthodoxy, although agreeing religiously.

Under this approach, anti-Judaism is not regarded as antisemitism as it only rejects the religious ideas of Judaism and does not involve actual hostility to the Jewish people.

" For many reasons, some historical and some religious, Judaism does not encourage its members to convert others and in fact would require the initiative from the person who would like to convert.

Judaism does not accept the retronymic labeling of its sacred texts as the " Old Testament ", and some Jews refer to the New Testament as the Christian Testament or Christian Bible.

Therefore, just as Christianity does not accept that Mosaic Law has any authority over Christians, Judaism does not accept that the New Testament has any religious authority over Jews.

Judaism also does not have a notion of hell as a place ruled by Satan since God's dominion is total and Satan is only one of God's angels.

Judaism does not believe that God requires the sacrifice of any human.

Judaism does not believe in the Christian concept of hell but does have a punishment stage in the afterlife ( i. e. Gehenna, the New Testament word translated as hell ) as well as a Heaven ( Gan Eden ), but the religion does not intend it as a focus.

Judaism requires circumcision for boys, but does not allow it for girls.

Judaism classically draws no distinction in its laws between religious and ostensibly non-religious life ; Jewish religious tradition does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities.

Moreover, as a non-creedal religion, some have argued that Judaism does not require one to believe in God.

Consequently, in his view, Judaism does not fit easily into conventional Western categories, such as religion, ethnicity, or culture.

* Reconstructionist Judaism, like Reform Judaism, does not hold that Jewish law, as such, requires observance, but unlike Reform, Reconstructionist thought emphasizes the role of the community in deciding what observances to follow.

Rabbinic Judaism does not believe that the preceding verses refer to what is nowadays described as a homosexual inclination, nor do these verses refer to lesbian sexual activity.

His opposition to Judaism was typical of church leaders in his day, but does not descend to the level of anti-semitism.

Judaism does not encourage the monastic ideal of celibacy and poverty.

In this view, Christianity is seen as a religion in its own right, rather than a subset of Judaism, if one makes the common assumption that Judaism is not universal, however see Noahide Laws and Christianity and Judaism for details.

The Samaritans of Samaria ( see map at Iudaea Province ), had their temple on Mount Gerizim, and along with some other differences, see Samaritanism, were in conflict with Jews of Judea and Galilee and other regions who had their Temple in Jerusalem and practiced Judaism.

However, following the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD, the new Christian movement and Rabbinic Judaism increasingly parted ways, see also List of events in early Christianity.

Others see anti-Judaism as the rejection of or opposition to beliefs and practices essentially because of their source in Judaism or because a belief or practice is associated with the Jewish people.

Some Christians agree that Jews who accept Jesus should still observe all of Torah, see for example Dual-covenant theology, based on warnings by Jesus to Jews not to use him as an excuse to disregard it, and they support efforts of those such as Messianic Jews ( Messianic Judaism is considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity ) to do that, but some Protestant forms of Christianity oppose all observance to the Mosaic law, even by Jews, which Luther criticised as Antinomianism, see Antinomianism # Antinomian Controversies in Lutheranism and Luther # Anti-Antinomianism for details.

Judaism and major sects of Christianity reject the view that God is entirely immanent ( although some see this as the concept of the Holy Ghost ) and within the world as a physical presence, ( although trinitarian Christians believe in the incarnation of God ).

God's existence is a given in Judaism, and not something that most authorities see as a matter of required belief.

First, Paul was a Hellenistic Jew with a Pharisaic background ( see Gamaliel ), integral to his identity, see Paul of Tarsus and Judaism for details.

Nor is there a forty days ' fast in Judaism of the period ( see Mishnah Tractate Ta ' anit, " Days of Fasting ").

Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism.

Jews consider it to contain the Foundation Stone ( see also Holy of Holies ), which is the holiest site in Judaism.

In antiquity, the Sanhedrin functioned essentially as the Supreme Court and legislature for Judaism, and had the power to administer binding law, including both received law and its own Rabbinic decrees, on all Jews — rulings of the Sanhedrin became Halakha ; see Oral law.

For examples of this being used in Conservative Judaism see Conservative Halakha.

Although Orthodox Judaism acknowledges that rabbis made many decisions and decrees regarding Jewish Law where the written Torah itself is non-specific, they did so only in accordance with regulations given to them by Moses on Mount Sinai ( see Deuteronomy 5: 8-13 ).

Thus, Christianity acquired an identity distinct from Rabbinic Judaism, but this distinction was not recognised all at once by the Roman Empire, see Split of early Christianity and Judaism for details.

" The rise of Christian Zionism — that is, religiously motivated Christian interest and support for the state of Israel — along with a growth of philo-Semitism ( love of the Jewish people ) has increased interest among American Evangelicals in Judaism, especially areas of commonality with their own beliefs, see also Jerusalem in Christianity.

( see Reform Judaism ).

Heschel then goes on to explore the problems of doubts and faith ; what Judaism means by teaching that God is one ; the essence of humanity and the problem of human needs ; the definition of religion in general and of Judaism in particular ; and human yearning for spirituality.

The supposed torture and human sacrifice alleged in the blood libels run contrary to the teachings of Judaism.

While animal sacrifice was part of the practice of ancient Judaism, the Tanakh ( Old Testament ) and Jewish teaching portray human sacrifice as one of the evils that separated the pagans of Canaan from the Hebrews (, ).

Judaism emphasizes the Oneness of God and rejects the Christian concept of God in human form.

Although Judaism provides Jews with a word to label God's transcendence ( Ein Sof, without end ) and immanence ( Shekhinah, in-dwelling ), these are merely human words to describe two ways of experiencing God ; God is one and indivisible.

In Judaism all human beings are believed to have free will and can choose the path in life that they will take.

The statement makes it clear that homosexual activity is still prohibited, saying inter alia that " Halakhah sees heterosexual marriage as the ideal model and sole legitimate outlet for human sexual expression "; " Halakhic Judaism views all male and female same-sex sexual interactions as prohibited "; and " halakhic values proscribe individuals and communities from encouraging practices that grant religious legitimacy to gay marriage and couplehood ".

p. 198 ) Hirsch held that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience — including the secular disciplines.

In Judaism, Satan is a term used since its earliest biblical contexts, to refer to a human opponent.

Tertullian's writings cover the whole theological field of the time — apologetics against paganism and Judaism, polemics, polity, discipline, and morals, or the whole reorganization of human life on a Christian basis ; they gave a picture of the religious life and thought of the time which is of the greatest interest to the church historian.

Liberal and Reform Judaism does not believe in the arrival of a human messiah who will literally gather Jews in the Land of Israel and cause the physical resurrection of the dead.

* Judaism is the result of natural human development.

Many liturgical practices and beliefs are asserted to be adapted from pagan customs or human preferences, however in some cases they were carried over from Temple Judaism, which practices most Christians believe were first given to Moses and the high priests by God.

Holocaust theology ( from the Greek: hólos, " whole " and kaustós, " burnt "), refers to a body of theological and philosophical debate and reflection, and related literature, primarily within Judaism, that attempts to come to grips with various conflicting views about the role of God in the universe and the human world in light of the Holocaust of the late 1930s and 1940s when approximately 11 million people, including 6 million Jews, were subjected to genocide by the Nazi regime and its allies.

Basing himself on many sources in classic texts of Judaism, from the " Revealed " to the " Mystical ", the Rebbe articulated the view that the Holocaust was a decree from God that is beyond human understanding in this world.

Hence the confrontation should occur not at a theological, but at a mundane human level ... the great encounter between man and God is a holy, personal and private affair, incomprehensible to the outsider ..." As such, he ruled that theological dialogue between Judaism and Christianity was not possible.

It desires that Judaism shall be an active force for good in the lives of Jewish individuals, families and communities today, and that it shall make its contribution to the betterment of human society.

The Trinity doctrine is integral in inter-religious disagreements with the other two main Abrahamic religions, Judaism and Islam ; the former rejects Jesus ' divine mission entirely, and the latter accepts Jesus as a human prophet and the Messiah but not as the son of God.

1996 ), says " But to the Bible man is not a soul in a body but a body / soul unity ", the Encyclopedia of Judaism ’ ( 2000 ), says " Scripture does not present even a rudimentarily developed theology of the soul ", the New Dictionary of Theology ’ ( 2000 ), and " The notion of the soul as an independent force that animates human life but that can exist apart from the human body — either prior to conception and birth or subsequent to life and death — is the product only of later Judaism ", Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible ( 2000 ), says " Far from referring simply to one aspect of a person, “ soul ” refers to the whole person ", the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia says " Possibly Jn.