* August – September ( the eighth month of the Chinese calendar ) – Wanyan Xiyin completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script

Yishiha's 1413 stele in Tyr, Russia | Tyr, containing the last known inscription in Jurchen script.

*: ** Jurchen script: Jurchen

The early Jurchen script was invented in 1120 by Wanyan Xiyin, acting on the orders of Wanyan Aguda.

However, because Chinese is an isolating language and the Jurchen and Khitan languages are agglutinative, the script proved to be cumbersome.

The pioneering work on studies of the Jurchen script was done by Wilhelm Grube at the end of the 19th century.

* Jurchen script

* The Jurchens ( Manchu ancestors ) – Jurchen language – Jurchen script

Jurchen-Manchu ( Jurchen and Manchu are simply different stages of the same language ; in fact, the ethnonym " Manchu " did not come about until 1636 when Emperor Hong Taiji decreed that the term would replace " Jurchen ") is the only Tungusic language with a literary form ( in Jurchen script and later the Manchu alphabet ) which dates back to at least the mid-to late-12th century ; as such it is a very important language for the reconstruction of Proto-Tungusic.

These replaced earlier interpreters of Jurchen, who had been trained using the Jurchen script.

This dictionary is similar in its structure to the one from the Bureau of Translators, but it only gives the " phonetic " transcription of Jurchen words ( by means of Chinese characters ) and not their writing in Jurchen script.

Besides the inscriptions and one or two surviving manuscripts in Jurchen script, some important information on the Jurchen language is provided by the Jurchen words, transcribed using Chinese characters in Chinese documents.

A bixi ( tortoise ) | stone tortoise, thought to have been created in 1193, as a monument to a Jurchen people | Jurchen general

The late-Ming Liaodong separated by the wall from the " Kingdom of the Jin Dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) | Jurchen " ( Reino di Niuche ).

The map was created during the early Qing, and mentions that " presently " the Jurchen ( Tartari del Jin Dynasty ( 1115-1234 ) | Kin ) have already conquered the rest of China

bixi ( tortoise ) | Stone tortoise from the grave of a 12th-century Jurchen leader in today's Ussuriysk

The Jurchen people | Jurchen army attacking the city walls using elaborate Chinese siege weapons were defeated by modern Chinese cannon artillery.

A 12th century Jin Dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) | Jurchen stone tortoise in today's Ussuriysk

A 12th-century bixi ( tortoise ) | stone tortoise from a Jin Dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) | Jurchen grave now can be seen in Ussuriysk's central park

A silver Paiza | pass with the Jurchen inscription gurun ni xada-xun meaning " Trust of the Country ".

** Bashkirs | Burtas | Bulgars ( they were nomadic only between the conquest of the hypothetical Kingdom of Balhara and the formation of Great Bulgaria )| Jurchen | Kalmuks ( Mongols ) | Khazars | Kimaks | Kipchaks | Magyars | Mongols | Nogais | Petchenegs | Seljuks | Slavs | Tartars

This dictionary contained translation of Chinese words into Jurchen, given in Jurchen characters and in phonetic transcription ( rather imprecise, since the transcription was done by means of Chinese characters ).

It is thought by modern scholars that the purpose of offering the jinshi examinations in Jurchen was more to promote Jurchen scholarship than to recruit more Jurchen for the state service, as most of the Jurchen jinshi degree holders ended up working as teachers of the Jurchen language and of the Chinese classics in Jurchen translation.

It allows once " foreign " dynasties like the Mongol Yuan and the Manchu Qing as well as the Khitan Liao, Jurchen Jin to be appreciated as part of the Chinese tapestry, allegedly helping reduce the alienation of ethnic minorities living in China.

The Kara-Khitan Khanate ( Traditional Chinese: 西遼 ; Simplified Chinese: 西辽 ; pinyin: Xī Liáo, 1124 – 1218 ), also known as Western Liao, was established by Yelü Dashi ( 耶律大石 ) who led around 100, 000 Khitan remnants after escaping the Jurchen conquest of their native country, the Khitan dynasty.

The restaurants in Hangzhou also catered to many northern Chinese who had fled south from Kaifeng during the Jurchen invasion of the 1120s, while it is also known that many restaurants were run by families formerly from Kaifeng.

* February 9 – Song Dynasty Chinese and Mongolian armies occupy the Jurchen capital at Caizhou, marking the collapse of the Jin Dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ).

* January 9 – Jurchen forces sack the Song Chinese capital of Kaifeng ( the Jingkang Incident, 靖康事變 ), and begin more than a century of political division between northern and southern China.

* The Battle of Tangdao and Battle of Caishi, on the Yangtze river between the Jurchen Jin Dynasty and the Chinese Song Dynasty, result in two pivotal Song naval victories.

In 1169, with China divided between the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty in the north and the Southern Song dynasty in the south, the Chinese emperor sent a delegation to the Jurchen to wish their ruler well for the New Year.

Contemporary Chinese writers ascribed Jurchen success in overwhelming the Liao and Northern Song mainly to their cavalry.

Before the rise of the Mongols in the 13th century, what is now central and western Inner Mongolia, especially the Hetao region, alternated in control between Chinese agriculturalists in the south and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen, Tujue, and other Mongol nomads of the north.

The governments headed by various people such as the Korean kingdoms as Gojoseon, Goguryeo, Balhae, the Chinese as Yan ( state ), Han Dynasty, and the Nomadic peoples as Donghu, Xianbei, Khitan and Jurchen ruled Liaoning.

The inscriptions on the steles are in four languages: Chinese, Jurchen, Mongol, and Tibetan.

Jurchen women married those Chinese who had no family with them.

There were so many Chinese entering the Banners that there were more of them than the Jurchen.

Attempts by Hung Taiji were made to separate Chinese and Jurchen banners.

In Chinese and Jurchen of Liaodong were mix in culture.

Many bannermen forged geanealogies of their origin since they did not have any, and then these decided whether or not they were in a Chinese or a Jurchen banner.

The Eight Banners were then created from the old black Chinese banners and Jurchen banners and made equal to each other.

* The Jurchen language and Script Website ( Chinese Traditional Big5 code page ) via Internet Archive

The current Chinese name Changbai Shan ( 長白山, perpetually white mountain ) was first used in the Liao Dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) and then the Jurchen Jin Dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ).

Some speculate that it also corresponds to Chinese references to (, suksin ), (, jiksin ) and (, siksin ), although these latter names probably describe the ancestors of the Jurchen.