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Page "Judicial independence" ¶ 16
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Justice and Constitutional
The main difference between the Federal Constitutional Court and the Federal Court of Justice is that the Federal Constitutional Court may only be called if a constitutional matter within a case is in question ( e. g. a possible violation of human rights in a criminal trial ), while the Federal Court of Justice may be called in any case.
Because the Constitutional Declaration allowed a multi-party system, the political parties, like Democratic Party, Party of Reform and Development, National Gathering for Freedom, Justice and Development appeared.
The judiciary is modeled on the French system, with a High Constitutional Court, High Court of Justice, Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, criminal tribunals, and tribunals of first instance.
The constitution provides for a President, a Parliament, a Constitutional Court and a separate system of lower courts that includes The High Court of Cassation and Justice.
In 2005, the Constitutional Reform Act separated the powers with Legislative functions going to an elected Lord Speaker and the Judicial functions going to the Lord Chief Justice.
Bucharest is also home to Romania's supreme court, the High Court of Cassation and Justice, as well as to the Constitutional Court of Romania.
* Richard Ellis, born and raised in Lunenburg County, settled in Alabama where he was a member of Alabama ’ s Constitutional Convention in 1818 and an Associate Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court ( 1819 – 1826 ).
The town surrounding the Palace became the seat of two of the highest courts in Germany, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ) whose decisions have the force of a law in many cases, and the Federal Court of Justice of Germany ( Bundesgerichtshof ), the highest court of appeals in matters of civil law and criminal law.
In 1968, Strayer was made the Director of the Constitutional Law Division of the Privy Council Office and in 1974 he became Assistant Deputy Minister of Justice.
Since Constables are Constitutional peace officers they are exempt from attending the mandatory Department of Criminal Justice Training academy, although they may choose to do so.
Writing for the Court majority in Wesberry, Justice Black argued that a reading of the debates of the Constitutional Convention demonstrated conclusively that the Framers had meant, in using the phrase “ by the People ,” to guarantee equality of representation in the election of Members of the House of Representatives.
The School has also educated Supreme Court justices of foreign countries, including Ayala Procaccia ( Supreme Court of Israel Justice ), Ronald Wilson ( High Court of Australia Justice ), Yvonne Mokgoro ( Constitutional Court of South Africa ) and Jasper Yeates Brinton ( architect of the Egyptian court system, Justice of the Egyptian Supreme Court and former U. S. Legal Advisor to Egypt ).
* Martha Karua, Former Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs.
Rex Edwin Lee ( February 27, 1935 — March 11, 1996 ) from St. Johns, Arizona was a Constitutional lawyer, a law clerk for former U. S. Supreme Court Justice Byron White, and the United States Solicitor General under the Reagan administration.
The plan to abolish the office, however, was later abandoned though it was partially reformed in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and is now used as a secondary title to the Secretary of State for Justice.
Arias challenged this at the Sala IV, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica, which initially rejected his application in September 2000.
* Dennis J. Baker, ' Collective Criminalization and the Constitutional Right to Endanger Others ,' 28 ( 2 ) Criminal Justice Ethics 168 ( 2009 ).
* Constitutional Law professor Hester Lessard on the Downtown Eastside and Jurisdictional Justice
For 2010-11, visiting professors include: Frank Iacobucci, former Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada ; Aharon Barak, former President of the Supreme Court of Israel ; Dieter Grimm, former Justice of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ; and James C. Hathaway, former Dean of the Melbourne Law School.

Justice and Court
Yet your list of things left undone did not include repeal of the Connally amendment to this country's domestic jurisdiction reservation to its Adherence to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Mr. Justice Clark delivered the opinion of the Court.
On review the Supreme Court, via Mr. Justice Frankfurter, found southern racial problems `` a sensitive area of social policy on which the federal courts ought not to enter unless no alternative to adjudication is open ''.
Reluctant, as usual, to interpret state legislation -- such interpretation can only be a `` forecast rather than a determination '' -- Mr. Justice Frankfurter led a unanimous Court to vacate the injunction.
In People vs. Fisher, Justice Savage of the New York Supreme Court declared:
In March 1857, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ; Chief Justice Roger B. Taney opined that blacks were not citizens, and derived no rights from the Constitution.
To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the choice of the Radicals, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold the emancipation and paper money policies.
* 2001 – Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore has a Ten Commandments monument installed in the judiciary building, leading to a lawsuit to have it removed and his own removal from office.
* Article 11 – All disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the International Court of Justice ;
Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 provides that common assault, like battery, is triable only in the magistrates ' court in England and Wales ( unless it is linked to a more serious offence, which is triable in the Crown Court ).
* 1946 – Judith A. Lanzinger, American jurist, Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio
* 1967 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as the first African American Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
* 1946 – The International Court of Justice holds its inaugural meeting in The Hague, Netherlands.
* 1849 – William R. Day, American diplomat and Justice of the Supreme Court ( d. 1923 )
Supreme Court Justice Byron White wrote the decision for the majority
Supreme Court Justice Byron White wrote the decision for the majority.
In his 1972 book American Criminal Justice, Jonathan D. Caplan comments on the Supreme Court decision, noting, " The Alford decision recognizes the plea-bargaining system, acknowledging that a man may maintain his innocence but still plead guilty in order to minimize his potential loss.
Stephen Breyer, a U. S. Supreme Court Justice since 1994, divides the history of administrative law in the United States into six discrete periods, according to his book, Administrative Law & Regulatory Policy ( 3d Ed., 1992 ):
* 1906 – William J. Brennan, American Supreme Court Justice ( d. 1997 )
* 1784 – Peter Vivian Daniel, American jurist, Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court ( d. 1860 )
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States.
Each of the Justices of the Supreme Court has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it ; the Chief Justice's vote counts no more than that of any other Justice.
However, retired Associate Justices ( unlike judges on senior status ) take no part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court, although they may be appointed by the Chief Justice to sit on lower courts.
Bosnia and Herzegovina filed a suit against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( today Serbia ) before the International Court of Justice for aggression and genocide during the Bosnian War which was dismissed and Serbia was found innocent.

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