* Christen A. Olson and Seth Smith ; Justices of the peace

* His / Her Worship ( oral address Your Worship ) — Justices of the peace, magistrates and municipal leaders in office

Deer stealing was a domestic offence that was judged not in civil courts, but before Justices of the peace ; it was not until 1737 that the more severe penalty of seven years transportation was introduced.

Justices of the peace and superior courts judges are elected in Indiana ; if a vacancy occurs ( such as by death or resignation ) the governor may make an appointment, who holds the office until the next general election.

Justices of the peace ( JPs ) provide a service to the community as independent witnesses of statutory declarations, powers of attorney and affidavits.

Justices of the Peace were confined to the power to conduct committal hearings, bind persons over to the peace, sign warrants, summons, and other official documents.

Justices of the peace sit voluntarily, apart from an allowance being paid for loss of earnings, mileage and subsistence ( which are at a standardised rate agreed by the Ministry of Justice ).

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, breach of the peace is descended from the 1361 Justices of the Peace act ,, which refers to riotous and Barratory behavior that disturbs the peace of the King.

Several volunteer Justices of the peace live on the island.

The districts were divided, as in France, in cantons, seats of Tax collectors and Justices of the peace.

Justices of the peace require most of the same qualifications.

Use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the legal title during their time on the Court, but the newer title is frequently used retroactively for all Chief Justices.

Justices Brennan, White, Marshall and Blackmun concluded in one plurality opinion that race could be used as a factor when it was for the purpose of remedying substantial chronic underrepresentation of certain minorities in the medical profession.

He noted that the same rationale used to overturn Bowers could have been used to overturn Roe v. Wade, which the Justices in the majority in Lawrence had recently upheld in Planned Parenthood v. Casey.

Most efforts to abolish the office of Justice of the Peace have been led by the American Bar Association, which views non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary, as there are now far more persons with formal legal education than in the past when Justices of the Peace were first used.

An odd proviso to the post-ruling status was that, until a formal change of the provincial Solemnization of Marriage Act, the Minister of Justice still required the terms " husband and wife " to be used by Justices of the Peace in any wedding.

The Act created a new offence for publishing obscene material, repealing the common law offence of obscene libel which was previously used, and also allows Justices of the Peace to issue warrants allowing the police to seize such materials.

Committal proceedings, which are used in criminal matters to establish whether there is sufficient evidence against an accused person to warrant the time and expense of a trial, were abolished in Tasmania in 2000 with the amendment of the Justices Act 1959 ( Tas ).

Justices Frankfurter and Jackson dissented: `` One State may cherish formalities more than another, one State may be more responsive than another to procedural reforms.

Associate Justices have seniority by order of appointment, although the Chief Justice is always considered to be the most senior.

However, retired Associate Justices ( unlike judges on senior status ) take no part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court, although they may be appointed by the Chief Justice to sit on lower courts.

In December it was announced that all the offices of deputy lieutenants and Justices of the Peace would be revised.

While the Chief Justice is appointed by the President, there is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the Chief Justice from among those Justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court, and at least one scholar has proposed that presidential appointment should be done away with, and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own Chief Justice.

Also, it was felt by lawyers with the National Chapter of the NAACP, that having Mr. Brown at the head of the roster would be better received by the U. S. Supreme Court Justices.

Chief Justice Burger asked Justices Stewart and Blackmun to determine whether Roe and Doe, among others, should be heard as scheduled.

Following a first round of arguments, all seven Justices tentatively agreed that the law should be struck down, but for varying reasons.

Some such judges, for instance judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, are called ' Lords Justices ', or ' Ladies Justices ', as the case may be.

Although the Justices will still be formally addressed in the Supreme Court as " My Lord " or " My Lady ", future appointees will not be elevated to the House of Lords.

The Justices divided, with four voting to end the system as invalid under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 without any need to reference the constitutional issue, and four voting to uphold affirmative action as constitutional ; Justice Lewis Powell cast the deciding vote, referencing the constitutional issue and holding that in some cases race could be deemed a valid factor in admissions to institutions of higher education.

Lawson was the first person to be granted a New South Wales state funeral ( traditionally reserved for Governors, Chief Justices, etc.

Frankfurter began with a reference to his Jewish roots: “ One who belongs to the most vilified and persecuted minority in history is not likely to be insensible to the freedoms guaranteed by our Constitution .” This was the passage Justices Roberts and Frank Murphy felt was out of place.

Courts Leet can be traced to Norman times, and the Manor of Fyling Court Leet was mentioned and recognised in the Administration of Justices Act 1977 to continue to transact the " Management of the Commons in the Manor ".

All Justices of the Peace would be allowed to submit cases to the court, with cases to be heard within 60 days.

: Also be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That all Justices, Commissioners, Sheriffs, Coroners, Escheators, Stewards, and their Lieutenants, and all other Officers and Ministers of the Law, shall proclaim and keep the Sessions Courts, Hundreds, Leets, Sheriffs Courts, and all other Courts in the English Tongue ;

The keeper should be the paid servant of Justices.

Justices Ginsburg and Breyer concurred in judgment, but stated that they did not subscribe to the Court's belief that the affirmative measures in question would be unnecessary in 25 years.

However, in August 2010, the Queen of New Zealand announced that, effective immediately, all Governors-General, Prime Ministers, Speakers of the House, and Chief Justices will be granted the title " The Right Honourable " for life.

Justices Holmes and Brandeis, however, dissented, arguing that " a silly leaflet by an unknown man " could not be construed as a consequential threat.

Justices Frankfurter and Jackson concurred in the Court's result, for they found no merit in the railroad's claim.

They hear the most simple of criminal cases ( or sit when the Senior Magistrate is not in the Islands ) and they also act as the Licensing Justices who deal with alcohol-related applications, such as extended opening hours, special occasion licences, etc.

Justices John Paul Stevens and Sandra Day O ' Connor wrote the majority opinion ; they were joined by David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen Breyer, and opposed by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Antonin Scalia.

The Justices delayed taking action on Roe and a closely related case, Doe v. Bolton, until they decided Younger v. Harris, as they felt that the appeals raised difficult questions on judicial jurisdiction, and United States v. Vuitch, where they considered the constitutionality of a District of Columbia statute that criminalized abortion except where the mother's life or health was endangered.

* Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom not holding peerages, who are addressed as if they were life peers by Royal Warrant.

Justices Jackson and Hugo Black had profound professional and personal disagreements dating back to October 1941, the first term in which they served together on the Supreme Court.

William Rehnquist, Byron White, Harry Blackmun, John Paul Stevens, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas — the six Justices who did not join the plurality opinion — wrote or joined opinions in which they partially concurred and partially dissented from the decision.

Justices of the Peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve, and are ( or were ) usually not required to have a formal legal education in order to qualify for the office.

Nowadays, Justices of the Peace are essentially titles of honour given by the Government to community leaders, and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices.

In India, Justices of the Peace do exist, but they no longer occupy a prominent post.

In some counties Justices seem to have regularly imposed limits on licences, specifying the markets where badgers could buy or sell, the quantities they could buy or the number of packhorses they could use for carrying goods between markets.

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union,, is a United States Supreme Court case in which all nine Justices of the Court voted to strike down anti-indecency provisions of the Communications Decency Act ( the CDA ), finding they violated the freedom of speech provisions of the First Amendment.

The robes are similar in appearance to those worn by Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, although they are more elaborately tailored.

The last commission gave to the justices of the liberty, power to enquire more fully "... by the oath of good and lawful men of the Liberty of Peterborough, by whom the truth of the matter may be better known and by other ways, means and methods by which they shall or better know, of the treasons ... insurrections ... rebellions, counterfeitings, clippings, wastings, false comings ... murders, felonies, manslaughters ... and many other grave offences mentioned therein which in other counties are only triable by a Judge of Assize, and the Justices are commanded at days appointed for this purpose to make diligent enquiries into and to hear and determine the above mentioned offences.

Justices James McReynolds, George Sutherland, Willis Van Devanter, and Pierce Butler emerged during the 1920s and 1930s as the foremost defenders of traditional limitations on government power on the Supreme Court ; they were collectively dubbed by partisans of the New Deal the " Four Horsemen of Reaction " as a result.

In addition, they were often entrusted with important judicial and governmental functions, by the Crown in their capacities as Justices of the Peace.

Justices must step down from the Supreme Court when they reach the age of 70, although they may continue to serve part-time as " senior justices " on panels of the Commonwealth's lower appellate courts until they reach 78, the age of mandatory retirement.

Wilson goes on to agree with the other Justices that section 251 ( prohibiting the performance of an abortion except under certain circumstances ) is procedurally unfair, adding that the violation of section 7 also has the effect of violating section 2 ( a ) of the Charter ( freedom of conscience ) in that the requirements for a woman to be permitted to obtain an abortion legally ( or for a doctor to legally perform one ) were in many cases so onerous or effectively impossible that they were " resulting in a failure to comply with the principles of fundamental justice.