Prominent contributors were Gunnar Nordström, Hermann Weyl, Arthur Eddington, Theodor Kaluza, Oskar Klein, and most notably, Albert Einstein and his collaborators.

Einstein was not alone in his attempts to unify electromagnetism and gravity ; a large number of mathematicians and physicists, including Hermann Weyl, Arthur Eddington, Theodor Kaluza, and R. Bach also attempted to develop approaches that could unify these interactions.

Einstein corresponded with these researchers, and collaborated with Kaluza, but was not yet fully involved in the unification effort.

Some speculations as to why Nordström's contribution fell into oblivion are that his theory was partly published in Swedish and that Einstein in a later publication referenced to Kaluza alone.

It was proposed by the mathematician Theodor Kaluza who extended general relativity to a five-dimensional spacetime.

Kaluza had a son ( born 1910 ), also named Theodor Kaluza (: de: Theodor Kaluza ( Mathematiker )) who was a notable mathematician.

The same year brought the debut of Jozef Kaluza, one of Cracovia's most popular players, who at first had to use the nickname Kowalski.

Kaluza and Klein, whose names are commonly used today for the theory, did not publish their work until the 1920s.

In physics, Kaluza – Klein theory ( KK theory ) is a model that seeks to unify the two fundamental forces of gravitation and electromagnetism.

Kaluza published his derivation in 1921 as an attempt to unify electromagnetism with Einstein's general relativity.

In Kaluza – Klein theory this group suggests that gauge symmetry is the symmetry of circular compact dimensions.

If a distinction is drawn, then it is that Yang – Mills theories occur on a flat space-time, whereas Kaluza – Klein treats the more general case of curved spacetime.

The base space of Kaluza – Klein theory need not be four-dimensional space-time ; it can be any ( pseudo -) Riemannian manifold, or even a supersymmetric manifold or orbifold or even a noncommutative space.

This set of possible mass values is often called the Kaluza – Klein tower.

One particular variant of Kaluza – Klein theory is space-time-matter theory or induced matter theory, chiefly promulgated by Paul Wesson and other members of the so-called Space-Time-Matter Consortium.

The Kaluza – Klein theory is striking because it has a particularly elegant presentation in terms of geometry.

To build the Kaluza – Klein theory, one picks an invariant metric on the circle S < sup > 1 </ sup > that is the fiber of the U ( 1 )- bundle of electromagnetism.

If the base manifold is four-dimensional, the Kaluza – Klein manifold P is five-dimensional.

* ( Includes reprints of the above articles as well as those of other important papers relating to Kaluza – Klein theory.

* 1885 – Theodor Kaluza, German scientist ( d. 1954 )

The dilaton made its first appearance in Kaluza – Klein theory, a five-dimensional theory that combined gravitation and electromagnetism.

Both Klein and Fock used Kaluza and Klein's method.

* Blecker, T .; Abdelkafi, N .; Kreutler, G .; Kaluza, B .: Auction-based Variety Formation and Steering for Mass Customization, in: Electronic Markets, 14, 3, 2004, pp. 232-242.

Theodor Franz Eduard Kaluza ( 9 November 1885, Wilhelmsthal, today part of Opole – 19 January 1954, Göttingen ) was a German mathematician and physicist known for the Kaluza-Klein theory involving field equations in five-dimensional space.

Kaluza was born to a Roman Catholic family from the town of Ratibor in the German Empire's Prussian Province of Silesia.

He spent his youth in Königsberg, where his father, Max Kaluza, was a professor of the English language.

Kaluza was primarily a mathematician but began studying relativity.

In April 1919 Kaluza noticed that when he solved Albert Einstein's equations for general relativity using five dimensions, then James Clark Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism emerged spontaneously.

For the rest of his career Kaluza continued to produce ideas about relativity and about models of the atomic nucleus.

In " The Meaning of Relativity ," Einstein wrote, " One can give good reasons why reality cannot at all be represented by a continuous field.

In 1916, after Einstein completed his foundational work on general relativity, Lorentz wrote a letter to him in which he speculated that within general relativity the aether was re-introduced.

In his response Einstein wrote that one can actually speak about a " new aether ", but one may not speak of motion in relation to that aether.

Einstein, in 1905, when he wrote the Annus Mirabilis papers

By assuming that light actually consisted of discrete energy packets, Einstein wrote an equation for the photoelectric effect that agreed with experimental results.

Einstein wrote, " We followers of Spinoza see our God in the wonderful order and lawfulness of all that exists and in its soul (" Beseeltheit ") as it reveals itself in man and animal.

Following the EPR paper, Erwin Schrödinger wrote a letter ( in German ) to Einstein in which he used the word Verschränkung ( translated by himself as entanglement ) " to describe the correlations between two particles that interact and then separate, as in the EPR experiment ".

Albert Einstein, who, in his search for a Unified Field Theory, did not accept wave-particle duality, wrote:

Initially unaware of Gibbs's contributions in that field, Albert Einstein wrote three papers on statistical mechanics, published between 1902 and 1904.

" In 1916, Einstein wrote to Schwarzschild on this result:

Einstein was so satisfied with this manifestation of Mach's principle that he wrote a letter to Mach expressing this:

In another departure from economics, Sowell wrote The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late, a follow-up to his Late-Talking Children.

In December 1940 Reich wrote to Albert Einstein ( 1879 – 1955 ) saying he had a scientific discovery he wanted to discuss, and in January 1941 visited him in Princeton, where they talked for five hours.

After Einstein studied " Holism and Evolution " soon upon its publication, he wrote that two mental constructs will direct human thinking in the next millennium, his own mental construct of relativity and Smuts ' of holism.

Towards the end of the war, when the outcome was unmistakable, Albert Einstein, who had been a friend of Warburg's father Emil, wrote Warburg at the behest of friends, asking him to leave the army and return to academia, since it would be a tragedy for the world to lose his talents.

He also wrote a number of biographies of a diverse range of historical figures, including: Charles Darwin, Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein, Benjamin Franklin, Sigmund Freud, J. B. S.

For instance, in 1935, Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen wrote a paper titled " Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?

However, Einstein returned to the topic once again after the World War Two and this time he wrote E = mc < sup > 2 </ sup > in the title of his article < ref > A. Einstein ' E = mc < sup > 2 </ sup > ': the most urgent problem of our time Science illustrated, vol.

In one of the letters, regarding Levi-Civita's new work, Einstein wrote " I admire the elegance of your method of computation ; it must be nice to ride through these fields upon the horse of true mathematics while the like of us have to make our way laboriously on foot ".

Alfred Einstein in 1945 wrote that it was " customary to speak disparagingly of La clemenza di Tito and to dismiss it as the product of haste and fatigue ," and he continues the disparagement to some extent by condemning the characters as puppets – e. g., " Tito is nothing but a mere puppet representing magnanimity " – and claiming that the opera seria was already a moribund form.

Hannah Arendt, Albert Einstein, Thomas Mann, and Stefan Zweig wrote for the publication.

The case provoked anti-Jewish propaganda and thus gained international publicity, and Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann wrote in support of Halsman.

) Einstein wrote: