* G. W. F. Hegel: Emphasized the " cunning " of history, arguing that it followed a rational trajectory, even while embodying seemingly irrational forces ; influenced Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Oakeshott.

The word angst was introduced into English from Danish angst via existentialist Søren Kierkegaard.

In The Concept of Anxiety ( also known as The Concept of Dread, depending on the translation ), Kierkegaard used the word Angest ( in common Danish, angst, meaning " dread " or " anxiety ") to describe a profound and deep-seated spiritual condition of insecurity and fear in the free human being.

Where the animal is a slave to its instincts but always conscious in its own actions, Kierkegaard believed that the freedom given to people leaves the human in a constant fear of failing his / her responsibilities to God.

The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, in The Concept of Anxiety, described anxiety or dread associated with the " dizziness of freedom " and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing.

In The Concept of Anxiety Søren Kierkegaard wrote that Albert Magnus, " arrogantly boasted of his speculation before the deity and suddenly became stupid.

The Danish philosopher S &# 248 ; ren Kierkegaard provided a critical response to the cogito.

Kierkegaard argues that the cogito already pre-supposes the existence of " I ", and therefore concluding with existence is logically trivial.

For Kierkegaard, Descartes is merely " developing the content of a concept ", namely that the " I ", which already exists, thinks.

Kierkegaard argues that the value of the cogito is not its logical argument, but its psychological appeal: a thought must have something that exists to think the thought.

) But as Kierkegaard argues, the proper logical flow of argument is that existence is already assumed or pre-supposed in order for thinking to occur, not that existence is concluded from that thinking.

* S. Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript ( Princeton, 1985 ) ISBN 978-0-691-02081-5

* S. Kierkegaard, Philosophical Fragments ( Princeton, 1985 ) ISBN 978-0-691-02036-5

Famous authors of works in Danish are existential philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, prolific fairy tale author Hans Christian Andersen, and playwright Ludvig Holberg.

From left to right, top to bottom: Kierkegaard, Dostoyevsky, Nietzsche, Sartre.

Although it was Sartre who explicitly coined the phrase, similar notions can be found in the thought of existentialist philosophers such as Kierkegaard and Heidegger.

Many of the literary works of Søren Kierkegaard, Franz Kafka, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus contain descriptions of people who encounter the absurdity of the world.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume VII: Modern Philosophy: From the Post-Kantian Idealists to Marx, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche.

* Either / Or, an influential philosophical text by Søren Kierkegaard, purports to be a collection of texts discovered and edited by Kierkegaard's pseudonymous author Victor Eremita.

This heroic view of history was also strongly endorsed by some philosophical figures such as Hegel, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Spengler, but it fell out of favor after World War II.

In Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard writes that: "... to be able to fall down in such a way that the same second it looks as if one were standing and walking, to transform the leap of life into a walk, absolutely to express the sublime and the pedestrian -- that only these knights of faith can do -- this is the one and only prodigy.

The early 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, posthumously regarded as the father of existentialism, maintained that the individual solely has the responsibilities of giving one's own life meaning and living that life passionately and sincerely, in spite of many existential obstacles and distractions including despair, angst, absurdity, alienation, and boredom.

Kierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality.

* Kierkegaard The Cripple, by Theodor Haecker, translated by C. Vasn O. Bruyn, With and Introduction by A. Dru, Published 1950 by the Philosophical Library Inc.

Becker expounded upon the previous writings of Sigmund Freud, Søren Kierkegaard, Norman O.

Søren Kierkegaard, generally considered to be the first existentialist philosopher, posited that it is the individual who is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and for living life passionately and sincerely (" authentically ").

* Søren Kierkegaard, who published several works under the pseudonym " Johannes Climacus " and two under the pseudonym " Anti-Climacus "

Kierkegaard argues that individuals who can overcome the levelling process are stronger for it and that it represents a step in the right direction towards " becoming a true self.

He also defines the term “ skepticism ” as he uses it and identifies two types of skeptic, the Apollonian, who is “ committed to clarity and rationality ” and the Dionysian, who is “ committed to passion and instinct .” William James, Bertrand Russell, and Friedrich Nietzsche exemplify the Apollonian skeptic, Carroll says, and Charles Sanders Peirce, Tertullian, Søren Kierkegaard, and Blaise Pascal are Dionysian skeptics.

George Călinescu who saw in it " an echo of Nae Ionescu's lectures ", traced a parallel with the essays of another of Ionescu's disciples, Emil Cioran, while noting that Cioran's were " of a more exulted tone and written in the aphoristic form of Kierkegaard ".

Absurdism is very closely related to existentialism and nihilism and has its origins in the 19th century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, who chose to confront the crisis humans faced with the Absurd by developing existentialist philosophy.

Kierkegaard says, " Infinite resignation is the last stage before faith, so anyone who has not made this movement does not have faith, for only in infinite resignation does an individual become conscious of his eternal validity, and only then can one speak of grasping existence by virtue of faith.

Kierkegaard says, " No one who was great in the world will be forgotten, but everyone was great in his own way, and everyone in proportion to the greatness of that which he loved.

" Kierkegaard puts it this way in another book, " We shall not say with the Preacher ( Ecclesiastes 4: 10 ), ‘ Woe to him who is alone ; if he falls, there is no one else to raise him up ,” for God is indeed still the one who both raises up and casts down, for the one who lives in association with people and the solitary one ; we shall not cry, “ Woe to him ,” but surely an “ Ah, that he might not go astray ,” because he is indeed alone in testing himself to see whether it is God ’ s call he is following or a voice of temptation, whether defiance and anger are not mixed embitteringly in his endeavor.

Kierkegaard says the young man who was in love with the princess learned ' the deep secret that even in loving another person one ought to be sufficient to oneself.

The double meaning is clear, Abraham is both the father who brings his son as an offering, and Kierkegaard who offers Regine .”.

John Stewart ’ s review of the book removes Hegel from the whole structure of the book, He wrote, in 2007, “… nothing stands in the way of a commentator who wants to find a substantive philosophical discussion in these allusions to Hegel, and certainly there is no reason to think that Hegel ’ s and Kierkegaard ’ s views on philosophy of religion or political theory are the same or are consistent with each other.

Furthermore, in the speech about marriage that is given in Kierkegaard's Either / Or, Kierkegaard attempts to show that it is because marriage is lacking in passion fundamentally, that the nature of marriage, unlike romance, is explainable by a man who has experience of neither marriage nor love.

In A Third Testament, he profiles seven spiritual thinkers, whom he called " God's Spies ", who influenced his life: Augustine of Hippo, William Blake, Blaise Pascal, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Søren Kierkegaard.

Known associates of the Piranhas included American musical stars, aristocrats, a man named Kierkegaard who bit the heads off whippets and other gang leaders.

For Kierkegaard, it is the individual person who is the supreme moral entity, and the personal, subjective aspects of human life that are the most important ; also, for Kierkegaard all of this had religious implications.

Persons who have been the subject of psychobiographical research include Freud, Adolf Hitler, Sylvia Plath, Carl Jung, Vincent van Gogh, Abraham Lincoln, Elvis Presley, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche and Richard Nixon.