The western neighbors of the Kyrgyzes ( Kimaks, Kipchaks, Cumans, Oguzes, Pechenegs, Karluks, etc.

S. A. Pletneva developed a comparative description of Middle Age N. Pontic burials customs including Kimaks, Cumans and Kipchaks.

Harried by another Turkic horde, the Kipchaks — a branch of the Kimaks of the middle Irtysh or of the Ob — these Oghuz penetrated as far as the lower Danube, crossed it and invaded the Balkans, where they were either crushed or struck down by an outbreak of plague, causing the survivors either to flee or to join the Byzantine imperial forces as mercenaries ( 1065 ).

Linguistically, the Oghuz are listed together with the old Kimaks of the middle Yenisei of the Ob, the old Kipchaks who later emigrated to southern Russia, and the modern Kirghiz in one particular Turkic group, distinguished from the rest by the mutation of the initial y sound to j ( dj ).

The Kimaks led a semi-settled life, while the Kipchaks were predominantly nomadic herders.

The Kipchaks also had their Khanlyk, but politically they were dependent from Kimaks.

North of Kipchaks and Kimaks lay endless forest.

Abu Said Gardezi ( d. 1061 ) wrote that the Kimak state incorporated seven related tribes: Kimaks, Yamak, Kipchaks, Tatar, Bayandur, Lanikaz, and Ajlad.

Kimaks, Kipchaks, Oguzes, Petchenegs, Ugrians and other peoples and ethnic groups of the multi-ethnic Kimak Kaganate lived peacefully and prosperous.

In the beginning of the 11th century the Kimaks and Kipchaks pushed the Oguzes to the south, Petchenegs to the west, Karluks to the southeast, and the Ugrians to the north into the Siberian taiga, and became owners of the ancient Kangju.

The Kimaks and then Khitay pressed the Kipchaks to move west, occupying lands that earlier belonged to Oguzes.

After seizing Oguz lands, the Kipchaks grew considerably stronger, and the Kimaks became dependents of them.

Part of the Kimaks remained in the ancient land along the Irtysh, and a part left with the Kipchaks to the west.

A larger portion of the Kimak Kaganate tribes, the Kimaks, Kipchaks, Pechenegs, and the Oguzes migrated to the west, to beyond Ural, Volga, Don and Dniepr, changing the ethnic map of Eastern Europe.

A significant mass of Kipchaks and Kimaks remained in the Irtysh territories with the ancient Uralic peoples of western Siberia.

In the west, the Kipchaks followed the path taken previously by the Petchenegs under pressure of the Oguzes, and later the Oguzes under pressure of the Kimaks and Kipchaks.

The Rus chronicles under year 1054 records an appearance near Kiev of the Oguz people, who were pushed by Kipchaks, a branch of middle Irtysh and Ob Kimaks.

The " Kais " are Kimaks, and " Shars " are Kipchaks, which Slavic peoples translated as Polovtsy ( Slav.

** Bashkirs | Burtas | Bulgars ( they were nomadic only between the conquest of the hypothetical Kingdom of Balhara and the formation of Great Bulgaria )| Jurchen | Kalmuks ( Mongols ) | Khazars | Kimaks | Kipchaks | Magyars | Mongols | Nogais | Petchenegs | Seljuks | Slavs | Tartars

According to the book Attila and the Nomad Hordes, " Like the Kimaks they set up many carved wooden funerary statues surrounded by simple stone balbal monoliths.

Some Kimaks cremated their dead: near the Irtysh cremation burials have been found.

During the Uyghur period, the Chuy tribes consolidated into the nucleus of the tribes known as Kimaks in the Arab and Persian sources.

Of all the numerous tribes, the Kimaks were ready to head a new political tribal union.

Tatar tribes participated in the creation of Kimak state and the ethnogenesis of the Kimaks.

The Kimaks and other tribes of the Kaganate produced weapons, implements, and agricultural tools.

In 1183, the Kimaks attacked Volga Bulgaria, and they twice sacked Khwarezm, in the 1152 and 1197.

Under pressure of Kimaks, the Petcheneg moved from the Aral to the Lower Itil steppes, and from there on to the Don-Dnieper interfluvial, pushing the Magyars westward.

Medieval Chinese geographers did not know the ethnonym Kimaks, always referring to them as Yueban.

Originally, the Kimaks lived along Irtysh between the Altai and Tarbagatai mountain ranges.

The southern neighbors of Kimaks were Karluks, who preserved their independence for another 200 years.

In the middle of the 7th century the Kimaks lived near the Irtysh, north of the Altai, as part of the Western Turkic Khaganate.

After the disintegration in 743 AD of the Western Türkic Kaganate, a part of the Kimaks remained in its successor, the Uyghur Kaganate ( 740-840 ), and another part retained their independence.

Before the middle of the 8th c. the Kimaks bordered the Karluks and Tokuz-Oguzes on the south, and the Yenisei Kyrgyz on the east.

After the 743 AD dissolution of the Western Turkic Khaganate the main body of the Kimaks remained in the Irtysh area.

Spreading from the Irtysh area, Kimaks occupied territory between the rivers Yaik and Emba, and the Aral and Caspian steppes, to the Zhetysu area.

After their decline, the Jeti-Su Kimaks retreated back to the upper Irtysh region, and the western Kipchak-Kimaks settled in the North Pontic steppes.

The Kimaks were originally Tengrians, with some Buddhist and Christian communities.

Arab and Persian geographers, travelers and historians provide an abundance of information about the Kimaks.

The name Kimaks was not known to medieval Chinese geographers, just as the name Chumuhun was not known by Arabian and Persian geographers.

In the 9th c. the Kimaks allied with the Oguzes.

In the second half of the 9 c. the reinforced Kimaks began drifting westwards.