Philip Kitcher in his " Science, Truth, and Democracy " argues that scientific studies that attempt to show one segment of the population as being less intelligent, successful or emotionally backward compared to others have a political feedback effect which further excludes such groups from access to science.

Kitcher is best known outside academia for his work examining creationism and sociobiology.

Before moving to Columbia, Kitcher taught at the University of Vermont, Vassar College, The University of Minnesota, University of Michigan, and for several years at University of California, San Diego where he held the position of Presidential Professor of Philosophy.

Kitcher " explores the implications of Darwinism for both literalist religion, and for liberal faith " and " discusses the role and benefits of religion, and explores alternatives to it, such as secular humanism, and offers ideas for how secular humanism might become more popular in society.

" Joe is often also referred to by the name " Sackerson ", and Kitcher describes him as " a figure sometimes playing the role of policeman, sometimes [...] a squalid derelict, and most frequently the odd-job man of HCE's inn, Kate's male counterpart, who can ambiguously indicate an older version of HCE.

Several philosophers and historians of science have, however, argued that Popper's definition of theory as a set of falsifiable statements is wrong because, as Philip Kitcher has pointed out, if one took a strictly Popperian view of " theory ", observations of Uranus when first discovered in 1781 would have " falsified " Newton's celestial mechanics.

Kitcher agrees with Popper that " There is surely something right in the idea that a science can succeed only if it can fail.

The Chair of Contemporary Civilization is Philip Kitcher, a philosopher.

Philip Stuart Kitcher ( born 1947 ) is a British philosophy professor who specializes in the philosophy of science, the philosophy of biology, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of literature, and, more recently, pragmatism.

Kitcher is past president of the American Philosophical Association.

His wife, Patricia Kitcher, is a well known Kant scholar and philosopher of mind who is the Mark Van Doren Professor of Humanities at Columbia.

In the ideal state, for instance, he argues that the young citizens should hear only the most carefully selected tales and stories.

Combellack argues further, and here he makes his main point, that once The Iliad and The Odyssey are thought formulaic poems composed for an audience accustomed to formulaic poetry, Homeric critics are deprived of an entire domain they previously found arable.

Anthony Steel, as the husband, is a jealous type who argues against her course and sues for divorce, labeling her action adulterous.

Peter Leeson argues that " the case for anarchy derives its strength from empirical evidence, not theory.

He argues that Hayek makes peculiar assumptions about demand curves for labor in his explanation of how a decrease in investment spending creates unemployment.

Ajax argues that because of his strength and the fighting he has done for the Greeks, including saving the ships from Hector, and driving him off with a massive rock, he deserves the armor.

The Exodus Rabbah argues that when the Pharaoh instructed midwives to throw male children into the Nile, Amram divorced Jochebed, who was three months pregnant with Moses at the time, arguing that there was no justification for the Israelite men to father children if they were just to be killed ; however, the text goes on to state that Miriam, his daughter, chided him for his lack of care for his wife's feelings, persuading him to recant and marry Jochebed again.

He argues that there must be some universal principle that must account for the various sorts of connections that exist between ideas.

" Townsend, turning to the sources behind the pseudo-Clementine writings, argues that the middle of the 2nd century is the terminus ad quem for the final composition.

Major Steven E. Walburn argues in a 1998 article in The Air Force Law Review that this form of guilty plea should be adopted for usage by the United States military.

The term suggests that its followers support protectionism and / or nationalism, which is not always the case-in fact, some supporters of anti-globalization are strong opponents of both nationalism and protectionism: for example, the No Border network argues for unrestricted migration and the abolition of all national border controls.

Heschel argues for the view of Hebrew prophets as receivers of the " Divine Pathos ," of the wrath and sorrow of God over his nation that has forsaken him.

Ecologist Robert Michael Pyle argues that most cultures have human-like giants in their folk history: " We have this need for some larger-than-life creature.

Bede was familiar with pagan authors such as Virgil, but it was not considered appropriate to teach biblical grammar from such texts, and in De schematibus ... Bede argues for the superiority of Christian texts in understanding Christian literature.

In his speech, Elihu argues for God's power, redemptive salvation, and absolute rightness in all his conduct.

J. B. Curtis in his 1979 paper " On Job's Response to Yahweh ", argues that Job's final responses to Yahweh are a total rejection of Yahweh rather than an expression of repentance, and translates Job 42: 6 as " Therefore I feel loathing contempt and revulsion ( toward you, O God ); and I am sorry for frail man.

Most commentators see Lamentations as reflecting the period immediately following the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC, though Provan argues for an interpretation that is ahistorical.

The party is keen to maintain its independent identity however, and argues that the need for a modern Liberal force in British politics has never been greater.

Thackston argues that the name cannot be taken from babr and instead must be derived from a word that has evolved out of the Indo-European word for beaver, pointing to the fact that the name is pronounced bāh-bor in both Persian and Turkic, similar to the Russian word for beaver ( бобр – bobr ).

Frieser argues that the OKW had intended to avoid the decisive battle concepts of its predecessors and planned for a long all out war of attrition.

It argues that " Western powers " aided Nazi rearmament and aggression, including that American bankers and industrialists provided capital for the growth of German war industries, while deliberately encouraging Hitler to expand eastward.

Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the ' father of Judaism ' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention.

However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to " his father and forefathers ", al-Hassan argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by " the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth ".

Machiavelli therefore also argues against the use of idealistic models in politics, and has been described as the father of the " politics model " of political science.

He is sometimes considered to be the founding father of the laissez-faire economic theory, but in fact argues for some degree of government control in order to maintain equity.

Lakoff further argues that one of the reasons liberals have had difficulty since the 1980s is that they have not been as aware of their own guiding metaphors, and have too often accepted conservative terminology framed in a way to promote the strict father metaphor.

Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978, and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was a separate character from Luke's father ; there is not a single reference to this plot point before 1978 ( further reinforcing this is Obi-Wan Kenobi calling Vader " Darth ", as if it is his true name rather than his new Sith name ).

Geoffrey Bullough argues that Lucius ' character arc ( estrangement from his father followed by banishment followed by a glorious return to avenge his family honour ) was probably based on Plutarch's Life of Coriolanus.

Parrinder argues that " as daughter and sister, she is an object of secret and repressed desire both to her father [...] and to her two brothers.

As part of his argument, Velikovsky uses the fact that Akhenaten viciously carried out a campaign to erase the name of his father, which he argues could have developed into Oedipus killing his father.

Proponents hold that concept begins with the premise that when an unmarried woman becomes pregnant, she has the option of abortion, adoption, or parenthood ; and argues, in the context of legally recognized gender equality, that in the earliest stages of pregnancy the putative ( alleged ) father should have the same human rights to relinquish all future parental rights and financial responsibility — leaving the informed mother with the same three options.

A further tradition stated that Cassius was condemned and his sentence carried out by his own father, although Niebuhr argues that it was impossible that a man who had been thrice consul and twice triumphed should still be in his father's power.

Feeling betrayed by her father, who is violently incapacitated by OCD from the disloyal thoughts, Qing-jao argues with Jane.

Sifton, in a response published with Shapiro's article, argues that the prayer must have come from one of the tradition's most gifted practitioners, which she believes could only be her father.

New Chronologist Bernard Newgrosh argues that such a hypothesis is plausible because the Ashuruballit of the Amarna letter gives a different name for his father than is given for Ashuruballit I in the Assyrian King List, and that the historical setting recorded in the annals of the early Middle Assyrian ruler differs from information gleaned from the Amarna correspondent ’ s letters.

However, his father left with the last words of “ My son, if you ever put up with an insult, I will disinherit you .” Andro Linklater argues that this upbringing led to James ’ aggressive reaction towards insults of his behavior.

For example, Eduardo Galeano argues that he and his father continued the work of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia in defending Paraguay as " the only country that foreign capital had not deformed ".

Numismatic and other archeological evidence suggests Tincomarus took a more pro-Roman stance than his father, and John Creighton argues from the imagery on his coins that he was brought up as an obses ( diplomatic hostage ) in Rome under Augustus.

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, the " father of modern Hebrew ", had instead used Yeshua for Jesus ( the name used in Maimonides and the expanded Josippon ) but, Kjaer-Hansen argues, this choice lost out to Yeshu as a result of Klausner's influential Hebrew work on Jesus titled Yeshu HaNotzri published in 1922.

Crito further argues that a father ( like Socrates ) has an obligation to nurture and educate his children and should avoid orphaning them if at all possible.

Homesick and angry, Barbara argues with her adopted father when he forbids her to go trick-or-treating, saying Gotham is too dangerous.

He refuses to resign from the Kingsguard and argues with his father, whose gift of a sword is taken as an insult.

She argues frequently with Arya, who she blames for Lady's death, and also strains her relationship with her father.