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Kuiper and belt
Although he is best known for discovering the dwarf planet Pluto in 1930, the first object to be discovered in what would later be identified as the Kuiper belt, Tombaugh also discovered many asteroids ; he also called for serious scientific research of unidentified flying objects.
Following the discovery, starting in the 1990s, of other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto began to be seen not as a planet orbiting alone at 40 AU, but as the largest of a group of icy bodies in that region of space.
Robert L. Forward's Camelot 30K describes an ecosystem on the surface of Kuiper belt objects that is based on a fluorocarbon chemistry with OF < sub > 2 </ sub > as the principal solvent instead of H < sub > 2 </ sub > O.
A classical Kuiper belt object, also called a cubewano ( " QB1-o ") is a low-eccentricity Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) that orbits beyond Neptune and is not controlled by an orbital resonance with Neptune.
Furthermore, there is evidence that the Kuiper belt has an ' edge ', in that an apparent lack of low-inclination objects beyond 47-49 AU was suspected as early as 1998 and shown with more data in 2001.
* David Jewitt's Kuiper belt site
Known objects in the Kuiper belt, derived from data from the Minor Planet Center.
The scattered objects between Jupiter's orbit and the Kuiper belt are known as Centaur ( minor planet ) | centaurs.
The Kuiper belt (, rhyming with " piper " and " viper "), sometimes called the Edgeworth Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the orbit of Neptune ( at 30 AU ) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun.
While most asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal, Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles ( termed " ices "), such as methane, ammonia and water.
The classical ( low-eccentricity ) belt is home to at least three dwarf planets: there are two known larger objects currently outside the Kuiper belt which probably originated in the Kuiper belt.
However, 90482 Orcus, 28978 Ixion and many other Kuiper belt objects are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium ; most of these candidates will probably qualify when more is known about them.
A higher percentage of the larger KBOs possess satellites than the smaller objects in the Kuiper belt, suggesting that a different formation mechanism was responsible.

Kuiper and objects
There are also a high number of binaries ( two objects close enough in mass to be orbiting " each other ") in the Kuiper belt.
In Lyra are the objects M56, M57, and Kuiper 90.
The Kuiper belt and the scattered disc, the other two reservoirs of trans-Neptunian objects, are less than one thousandth of the Oort cloud's distance.
Although the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc have been observed and mapped, only four currently known trans-Neptunian objects — 90377 Sedna,,, and — are considered possible members of the inner Oort cloud.
There are only a few known mean motion resonances in the Solar System involving planets, dwarf planets or larger satellites ( a much greater number involve asteroids, planetary rings, moonlets and smaller Kuiper belt objects, including many dwarf planet candidates ).
Plutinos form the inner part of the Kuiper belt and represent about a quarter of the known Kuiper belt objects ( KBOs ).
While the majority of plutinos have low orbital inclinations, a substantial number of them follow orbits similar to that of Pluto, with inclinations in the 10 25 ° range and eccentricities around 0. 2 0. 25, resulting in perihelia inside ( or close to ) the orbit of Neptune and aphelia close to the main Kuiper belt's outer edge ( where objects have 1: 2 resonance with Neptune ).
The Kuiper belt, scattered disk, and Oort cloud are three conventional divisions of this volume of space, though treatments vary and a few objects such as do not fit easily into any division.
* The ( classical ) Kuiper belt contains objects with an average distance to the Sun of 30 to about 55 AU, usually having close-to-circular orbits with a small inclination from the ecliptic.
Kuiper belt objects are further classified into the following two groups:
** Classical Kuiper belt objects ( also called cubewanos ) have no such resonance, moving on almost circular orbits, unperturbed by Neptune.
Studying colours and spectra provides insight into the objects ' origin and a potential correlation with other classes of objects, namely centaurs and some satellites of giant planets ( Triton, Phoebe ), suspected to originate in the Kuiper belt.

Kuiper and are
John Spencer, an astronomer on the New Horizons mission team, says that no target for a post-Pluto Kuiper belt encounter has yet been selected, as they are awaiting data from the Pan-STARRS survey project to ensure as wide a field of options as possible.
For some, they are distinct populations ; for others, the scattered disc is part of the Kuiper belt.
Short-period comets ( those with orbits of up to 200 years ) are generally accepted to have emerged from the Kuiper belt or scattered disc, two linked flat discs of icy debris beyond Neptune's orbit at 30 AU and jointly extending out beyond 100 AU from the Sun.
The orbits within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable, and so very few comets are believed to originate there.
Conversely the Jupiter-family comets are believed to originate in the Kuiper belt, a flat disc of icy debris between 30 AU ( Neptune's orbit ) and 50 AU from the Sun ( in the scattered disc ).
Fortunately, our solar system is much less populated with large objects today and the probability of such an event happening is essentially zero, as the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt and the giant comets in the Kuiper belt that are in this size range are in stable orbits that will not enter the inner solar system, let alone intersect the orbit of Earth, with no observed exceptions.
Among the many current programs are a search for near-Earth asteroids, a survey of the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune, a search for extrasolar planets, a decades-long study of the brightness stability of the sun, and a variety of investigations of star formation and other processes in distant galaxies.
The centaurs are those objects ( in orange ) that lie generally inwards of the Kuiper belt ( in green ) and outside the Jupiter Trojan s ( pink ).
Dynamical studies of their orbits indicate that centaurs are probably an intermediate orbital state of objects transitioning from the Kuiper belt to the Jupiter family of short-period comets.

Kuiper and known
This choice means that, on Wikipedia, Eris, the largest known trans-Neptunian object, is not part of the Kuiper belt, and so Pluto becomes the largest Kuiper belt object.
Kuiper 90 is also known as 17 Lyrae C ( Gliese 747AB ), a red dwarf system near 17 Lyrae, but 26 light years from the Sun.
Also in 2005, the Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) was discovered to have two moons, making it the second KBO after Pluto known to have more than one moon.
He has also discovered the second known leading Neptune trojan,, and the first known trailing Neptune trojan,, as well as several Kuiper belt objects, centaurs, and near-Earth asteroids.
Plot of the current positions of all known Kuiper belt objects, set against the outer planets

Kuiper and be
By 2006, astronomers had resolved dust disks believed to be Kuiper belt-like structures around nine stars other than the Sun.
At this distance, the dust belt may be analogous to the Kuiper belt that lies outside the orbit of Neptune in the solar system.
This dust is likely to be the result of collisions between objects in an orbiting debris disk, which is analogous to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System.
Thought to be the point of origin for the majority of short-period comets observed from Earth, it is also home to several large, planet-like bodies including Pluto, which is now recognized as the largest in a population of Kuiper belt objects ( the plutinos ) locked in orbital step with Neptune.
* 1992 David Jewitt and Jane Luu of the University of Hawaii discover, the first object deemed to be a member of the Kuiper belt
Objects may be perturbed from the Kuiper belt, whereupon they become Neptune-crossing and interact gravitationally with that planet ( see theories of origin ).
It is thought to be a captured planetesimal from the Kuiper belt.
While this example is simple, compare to the Nash embedding theorem, specifically the Nash Kuiper theorem, which says that any short smooth () embedding or immersion of in or larger can be arbitrarily well approximated by an isometric-embedding ( respectively, immersion ).
In that respect it can be compared to the Kuiper belt.
Kuiper astronomers also studied the disks surrounding certain stars that may be related to the formation of planetary systems around these stars.
Cygnus is also a good choice to observe because it will never be obscured by Kuiper belt objects or the asteroid belt.
If Mu Arae does have a Kuiper belt, it is too faint to be detected with current instruments.
In 1936, Carl L. Stearns observed that this companion appeared to be double itself ; this was later confirmed by G. P. Kuiper.
Planetesimals that were present in the early formation of the Solar System called oligarchs are much smaller than Uranus and Neptune and so are likely to have been scattered much further out and be roaming the space between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud.
Beyond Neptune, the Solar System continues into the Kuiper belt, the scattered disc, and the Oort cloud, three sparse populations of small icy bodies thought to be the points of origin for most observed comets.
* Solar flares may suddenly heat the earth, or the light from the sun may be blocked by dust, slowly freezing it ( e. g. the dust and vapour may come from a Kuiper belt disturbance ).
In October 1999, astronomers at the University of Arizona announced the existence of a circumstellar disk that may be similar in composition to the Kuiper Belt of the Solar system.
These astrologically derived transneptunian factors have as of 2009 neither been proven nor disproven to be among what astronomers have generically labeled Trans-Neptunian Objects, or Kuiper Belt, Scattered Disk, or Oort Cloud phenomena.
These astrologically derived transneptunian factors have as of 2009 neither been proven nor disproven to be among what astronomers have generically labeled Transneptunians, or Kuiper Belt, Scattered Disk Objects, or Oort Cloud phenomena, as further research on this region remains to be done.

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