Pinker portrayed Lakoff's arguments as " cognitive relativism, in which mathematics, science, and philosophy are beauty contests between rival frames rather than attempts to characterize the nature of reality ".

The essential thrust of Lakoff's work has been the argument that metaphors are primarily a conceptual construction, and indeed are central to the development of thought.

Lakoff's theory has applications throughout all academic disciplines and much of human social interaction.

Lakoff's application of cognitive linguistics to politics, literature, philosophy and mathematics has led him into territory normally considered basic to political science.

Lakoff's reliance on empirical scientific evidence, i. e. specifically falsifiable predictions, in the 1987 work and in Philosophy in the Flesh ( 1999 ) suggests that the cognitive-metaphor position has no objections to the scientific method, but instead considers the scientific method a finely developed reasoning system used to discover phenomena which are subsequently understood in terms of new conceptual metaphors ( such as the metaphor of fluid motion for conducted electricity, which is described in terms of " current " " flowing " against " impedance ," or the gravitational metaphor for static-electric phenomena, or the " planetary orbit " model of the atomic nucleus and electrons, as used by Niels Bohr ).

The term is explained in Mark Johnson's book The Body in the Mind, in case study 2 of George Lakoff's Women, Fire and Dangerous Things and by Rudolf Arnheim in Visual Thinking.

In addition to the dissertation on over by Brugman, Lakoff's use of image schema theory also drew extensively on Talmy and Langacker's theories of spatial relations terms as well.

George Lakoff's theory of moral politics states that these arise from family role differences ultimately, with a moral code emphasizing the logos or " rule " of the father as being the source of the motivations of the political " right ", and one emphasizing the more merciful moderns or mother-like view as being moral source for the " left ".

Lakoff's 1987 work, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, answered some of these criticisms before they were even made: he explores the effects of cognitive metaphors ( both culturally specific and human-universal ) on the grammar per se of several languages, and the evidence of the limitations of the classical logical-positivist or Anglo-American School philosophical concept of the category usually used to explain or describe the scientific method.

Lakoff's work Language and Woman's Place introduces to the field of sociolinguistics many ideas about women's language that are now often commonplace ( although, similarly, many of her findings are now regarded as, at the very least, outdated ).

Lakoff's original thesis on conceptual metaphor was expressed in his book with Mark Johnson entitled Metaphors We Live By in 1980.

Pinker argued that Lakoff's propositions are unsupported and his prescriptions a recipe for electoral failure.

The original subtitle reflected Lakoff's idea that conservatives, at least 1994 conservatives, understood the nature of American politics better than liberals.

The book could be compared with George Lakoff's Moral Politics, which aims to answer a very similar question.

George Lakoff's " Syntactic Amalgams " paper in 1974 ( Chicago Linguistics Society, 1974 ) posed a challenge for the idea of transformational derivation.

Lakoff's 1977 paper, Linguistic Gestalts ( Chicago Linguistic Society, 1977 ) was an early version of CxG, arguing that the meaning of the whole was not a compositional function of the meaning of the parts put together locally.

The earliest study was " There-Constructions ," which appeared as Case Study 3 in George Lakoff's Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.

For instance, observation of very different ideas of mathematics and physics in indigenous peoples led indirectly to ideas such as George Lakoff's " cognitive science of mathematics ", which asks if measurement systems themselves can be objective.

Lakoff's writings have become the basis for much research on the subject of women's language.

Many examples from politics and theology, e. g. the claim that the Roman Emperor was in fact a " god ", demonstrate that this principle was known by effective propagandists from early times, and continues to be applied to this day, e. g. the propaganda model of Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, which supports the ' big lie ' thesis with more specifics.

Criticising the standard U. S. government claim that such interventionism is for humanitarian purposes, Chomsky instead maintains that it is an attempt to further the power of U. S. capitalism, with little interest in the welfare of the people involved.

Linguists who reject Chomsky claim to be going beyond Chomsky, or they cling to phrase-structure grammars.

For example, if we abbreviate by BP the claim that every set of real numbers has the property of Baire, then BP is stronger than ¬ AC, which asserts the nonexistence of any choice function on perhaps only a single set of nonempty sets.

However, the church asserts that Apostolic Succession also requires Apostolic Faith, and bishops without Apostolic Faith, who are in heresy, forfeit their claim to Apostolic Succession.

* To claim that one thing becomes another asserts a relationship between the present and the future, without reference to the past at all — it can be demonstrated undesirable or potentially false ( though not disproved ) with reference to intent.

China also occupies the Paracel ( Xisha ) Islands, which are also claimed by Vietnam, and asserts a claim to the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands ( Diaoyu Tai ) in the Pacific Ocean.

In addition, a 1958 law asserts jurisdiction over from the coastlines, and in 1968 the government announced a claim to a Exclusive Economic Zone.

While pantheism asserts that ' All is God ', panentheism goes further to claim that God is greater than the universe.

Sudan asserts its claim to the Hala ' ib Triangle, a barren area of 20, 580 km² under partial Sudanese administration that is defined by an administrative boundary which supersedes the treaty boundary of 1899.

A deed is an example of a claim right in the sense that it asserts a right to own land.

As Hamilton asserts, " Blake's claim that ' the Old and New Testaments are the Great Code of Art ' became the central doctrine of all criticism " ( 39 ).

Some media reports claim that performing two Google searches from a desktop computer can generate about the same amount of carbon dioxide as boiling a kettle for a cup of tea, according to new research ; however, the factual accuracy of this comparison is disputed, and the author of the study in question asserts that the two-searches-tea-kettle statistic is a misreading of his work.

He vigorously asserts his ownership of him, but Henry attempts to claim him himself, having spent all night trying to catch him.

Okinawa was formally returned to Japan in May 1972, and from that agreement Japan asserts a claim on the disputed Senkaku Islands as well.

While Laver was indisputably the best player from 1965 through 1969, the article asserts that Laver had a valid claim for the top spot also for 1964 and 1970.

However, Woolf ( 2005 ) asserts that " contrary to the image, projected by recent clan-historians, of Clann Somhairle as Gaelic nationalists liberating the Isles from Scandinavians, it is quite explicit in our two extended narrative accounts from the thirteenth century, Orkneyinga saga and The Chronicle of the Kings of Man and the Isles, that the early leaders of Clann Somhairle saw themselves as competitors for the kingship of the Isles on the basis of their descent through their mother Ragnhilt " and that their claim " to royal status was based on its position as a segment of Uí Ímair.

When his half brother, John IV asserts his claim, this is rejected by the King of France who favors the competing claims of Joanna of Dreux and her husband Charles of Blois.

The modern area of Cumbria and Lancashire south of that zone are emphatically omitted from the region as, he asserts, they have no historic claim to be called Cumbrian.

Although later generations exaggerated Somers role as architect of the Bill of Rights, his biographer asserts that no one else can have a better claim to that title.

In legal terms, the demurring party asserts that the complaint or counterclaim does not amount to a legally valid claim, even if the factual allegations contained in the complaint or counterclaim are accepted as true.

However, there is a monument labelled " Center of Asia " in English, Russian, and Tuvan which asserts this claim.

Spanish phoneticians normally describe the difference as ( for the northern Iberian sound ) vs. ( for the more common sound ), but Ladefoged and Maddieson claim that English / s / can be pronounced apical, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of Iberian Spanish and Basque, In addition, Adams asserts that many dialects of Modern Greek have a laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the " apico-alveolar " sibilant of northern Iberia.

Under the FAR general data rights clause ( FAR 52. 227-14 ), the government has unlimited rights in all data first produced in performance of or delivered under a contract, unless the contractor asserts a claim to copyright or the contract provides otherwise.

Whenever the contractor asserts claim to copyright in works other than computer software, the Government, and others acting on its behalf, are granted a license to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute, perform and display the copyrighted work.

This asserts that there is sufficient historical evidence for Jesus's resurrection to support his claim to be the son of God and indicates, a fortiori, God's existence.

The first Treatise goes into all his arguments seriatim, and especially pointing out that even if the first principles of his argument are to be taken for granted, the rights of the eldest born have been so often cast aside that modern kings can claim no such inheritance of authority, as Filmer asserts.