The original subtitle reflected Lakoff's idea that conservatives, at least 1994 conservatives, understood the nature of American politics better than liberals.

Lakoff's 1987 work, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, answered some of these criticisms before they were even made: he explores the effects of cognitive metaphors ( both culturally specific and human-universal ) on the grammar per se of several languages, and the evidence of the limitations of the classical logical-positivist or Anglo-American School philosophical concept of the category usually used to explain or describe the scientific method.

Lakoff's reliance on empirical scientific evidence, i. e. specifically falsifiable predictions, in the 1987 work and in Philosophy in the Flesh ( 1999 ) suggests that the cognitive-metaphor position has no objections to the scientific method, but instead considers the scientific method a finely developed reasoning system used to discover phenomena which are subsequently understood in terms of new conceptual metaphors ( such as the metaphor of fluid motion for conducted electricity, which is described in terms of " current " " flowing " against " impedance ," or the gravitational metaphor for static-electric phenomena, or the " planetary orbit " model of the atomic nucleus and electrons, as used by Niels Bohr ).

In addition to the dissertation on over by Brugman, Lakoff's use of image schema theory also drew extensively on Talmy and Langacker's theories of spatial relations terms as well.

Johnson argues that his and Lakoff's recent research ( presented in their 1999 book Philosophy in the Flesh ) on the role of such bodily schemas in cognition and language shows the ways in which aesthetic aspects of experience structure every dimension of our experience and understanding, such as in our ethical reasoning ( as in Lakoff's book Moral Imagination ).

Lakoff's writings have become the basis for much research on the subject of women's language.

The essential thrust of Lakoff's work has been the argument that metaphors are primarily a conceptual construction, and indeed are central to the development of thought.

He wrote that Lakoff was condescending and deplored Lakoff's " shameless caricaturing of beliefs " and his " faith in the power of euphemism ".

Lakoff's 1977 paper, Linguistic Gestalts ( Chicago Linguistic Society, 1977 ) was an early version of CxG, arguing that the meaning of the whole was not a compositional function of the meaning of the parts put together locally.

The earliest study was " There-Constructions ," which appeared as Case Study 3 in George Lakoff's Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.

In 2006 Steven Pinker wrote an unfavorable review of Lakoff's book Whose Freedom?

The term is explained in Mark Johnson's book The Body in the Mind, in case study 2 of George Lakoff's Women, Fire and Dangerous Things and by Rudolf Arnheim in Visual Thinking.

The book could be compared with George Lakoff's Moral Politics, which aims to answer a very similar question.

George Lakoff's theory of moral politics states that these arise from family role differences ultimately, with a moral code emphasizing the logos or " rule " of the father as being the source of the motivations of the political " right ", and one emphasizing the more merciful moderns or mother-like view as being moral source for the " left ".

Lakoff's claim that Chomsky asserts independence between syntax and semantics has been rejected by Chomsky, who has given examples from within his work where he talks about the relationship between his semantics and syntax.

Lakoff's theory has applications throughout all academic disciplines and much of human social interaction.

Lakoff's application of cognitive linguistics to politics, literature, philosophy and mathematics has led him into territory normally considered basic to political science.

Pinker argued that Lakoff's propositions are unsupported and his prescriptions a recipe for electoral failure.

George Lakoff's " Syntactic Amalgams " paper in 1974 ( Chicago Linguistics Society, 1974 ) posed a challenge for the idea of transformational derivation.

For instance, observation of very different ideas of mathematics and physics in indigenous peoples led indirectly to ideas such as George Lakoff's " cognitive science of mathematics ", which asks if measurement systems themselves can be objective.

Students are required to complete coursework in a number of core areas of law, as well as to submit a thesis which is to be " an original work on the approved subject or other contribution to the knowledge showing that he / she has carried out sufficient research therein ".

In Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted ( 1994 ), Susan Reynolds expanded upon Brown's original thesis.

# Socrates then argues, and the interlocutor agrees, that these further premises imply the contrary of the original thesis, in this case it leads to: " courage is not endurance of the soul ".

It is also sometimes held that when a semantic dispute arises, the focus of the debate should switch from the original thesis to the meaning of the terms of which there are different definitions ( understandings, concepts, etc.

Most contemporary historians of science now reject the conflict thesis in its original form, arguing instead that it has been superseded by subsequent historical research indicating a more nuanced understanding:

# Socrates then argues, and the interlocutor agrees, that these further premises imply the contrary of the original thesis, in this case it leads to: " courage is not endurance of the soul ".

Danny Hillis ' original thesis paper on which the CM-1 Connection Machine was based is The Connection Machine ( MIT Press Series in Artificial Intelligence ) ( ISBN 0-262-08157-1 ).

After turning down his original thesis, in 1971 the University of Chicago awarded Vonnegut his Master's degree in anthropology for Cat's Cradle.

The original version of GRASS was developed by Tom DeFanti for his 1974 Ohio State University Ph. D. thesis.

Concept albums are usually based on either one theme or a series of themes in connection to the original thesis of the album's concept.

Elsaesser argues that Kracauer had not studied enough films to make his thesis about the social mindset of Germany legitimate and that the discovery and publication of the original screenplay of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari undermines his argument about the revolutionary intent of its writers.

Mattei Dogan, a French sociologist, in his article " Paradigms in the Sciences ," develops Kuhn's original thesis that there are no paradigms at all in the social sciences since the concepts are polysemic, the deliberate mutual ignorance between scholars and the proliferation of schools in these disciplines.

Tout, who was professionalising the History undergraduate programme at Manchester University, especially by introducing a key element of individual study of original sources and production of a thesis.

Stefan Müschenich, in his Master's thesis, demonstrated effects of orgone accumulators on test subjects in keeping with Reich's original descriptions, while subjects exposed to a known " dummy box " showed no such effects.

The Master ’ s dissertation reflects an ability to conduct independent research, whereas the Doctoral thesis will, in addition, constitute an original contribution to the field of law in question.

So influential was this practice that it was imported to the United States, where in 1861 Yale University started granting the Ph. D. degree to younger students who, after having obtained the bachelor's degree, had completed a prescribed course of graduate study and successfully defended a thesis / dissertation containing original research in science or in the humanities.

In the Latin American docta, the academic dissertation can be referred to different stages inside the academic program that the student is seeking to achieve into a recognized Argentine University, in all the cases the students must develop original contribution in the chosen fields by means of several paper work and essays that comprehend the body of the thesis.

Because of the nature of the graduate thesis or dissertation having to be more narrow and more novel, the result of original research, these usually have a smaller proportion of the work that is cited from other sources, though the fact that they are lengthier may mean they still have more total citations.

In 1988, the group's national committee moved from its original position that the Stalinist states were " deformed or degenerated workers states ", and opened a discussion on the thesis that they were some ' new exploiting society '.

The original editions of the textbook published between 1930 and 1942 echoed the thesis of American Negro Slavery ( 1918 ) by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, relying on the one-sided personal records of slave-owners and portraying slavery as a mainly benign institution.

In 1923, in his theological thesis, German priest Winfried Hümpfner, who had compared Brentano's original notes to the published books, wrote that Clemens Brentano had fabricated much of the material he had attributed to Emmerich.

Producing original research is often a significant component of graduate studies, including the writing and defense of a thesis or dissertation.

Master's candidates undertaking research are typically required to complete a thesis comprising some original research and ranging from seventy to two-hundred pages.

Ph. D. candidates undertaking research must typically complete a thesis, or dissertation, consisting of original research representing a significant contribution to their field, and ranging from two-hundred to five-hundred pages.