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Lakoff's reliance on empirical scientific evidence, i. e. specifically falsifiable predictions, in the 1987 work and in Philosophy in the Flesh ( 1999 ) suggests that the cognitive-metaphor position has no objections to the scientific method, but instead considers the scientific method a finely developed reasoning system used to discover phenomena which are subsequently understood in terms of new conceptual metaphors ( such as the metaphor of fluid motion for conducted electricity, which is described in terms of " current " " flowing " against " impedance ," or the gravitational metaphor for static-electric phenomena, or the " planetary orbit " model of the atomic nucleus and electrons, as used by Niels Bohr ).
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Lakoff's and on
Lakoff's original thesis on conceptual metaphor was expressed in his book with Mark Johnson entitled Metaphors We Live By in 1980.
Lakoff's 1987 work, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, answered some of these criticisms before they were even made: he explores the effects of cognitive metaphors ( both culturally specific and human-universal ) on the grammar per se of several languages, and the evidence of the limitations of the classical logical-positivist or Anglo-American School philosophical concept of the category usually used to explain or describe the scientific method.
In addition to the dissertation on over by Brugman, Lakoff's use of image schema theory also drew extensively on Talmy and Langacker's theories of spatial relations terms as well.
Johnson argues that his and Lakoff's recent research ( presented in their 1999 book Philosophy in the Flesh ) on the role of such bodily schemas in cognition and language shows the ways in which aesthetic aspects of experience structure every dimension of our experience and understanding, such as in our ethical reasoning ( as in Lakoff's book Moral Imagination ).
Lakoff's writings have become the basis for much research on the subject of women's language.
Lakoff's and .
Lakoff's claim that Chomsky asserts independence between syntax and semantics has been rejected by Chomsky, who has given examples from within his work where he talks about the relationship between his semantics and syntax.
The essential thrust of Lakoff's work has been the argument that metaphors are primarily a conceptual construction, and indeed are central to the development of thought.
Lakoff's theory has applications throughout all academic disciplines and much of human social interaction.
Lakoff's application of cognitive linguistics to politics, literature, philosophy and mathematics has led him into territory normally considered basic to political science.
Pinker argued that Lakoff's propositions are unsupported and his prescriptions a recipe for electoral failure.
The original subtitle reflected Lakoff's idea that conservatives, at least 1994 conservatives, understood the nature of American politics better than liberals.
The term is explained in Mark Johnson's book The Body in the Mind, in case study 2 of George Lakoff's Women, Fire and Dangerous Things and by Rudolf Arnheim in Visual Thinking.
The book could be compared with George Lakoff's Moral Politics, which aims to answer a very similar question.
George Lakoff's " Syntactic Amalgams " paper in 1974 ( Chicago Linguistics Society, 1974 ) posed a challenge for the idea of transformational derivation.
Lakoff's 1977 paper, Linguistic Gestalts ( Chicago Linguistic Society, 1977 ) was an early version of CxG, arguing that the meaning of the whole was not a compositional function of the meaning of the parts put together locally.
The earliest study was " There-Constructions ," which appeared as Case Study 3 in George Lakoff's Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.
For instance, observation of very different ideas of mathematics and physics in indigenous peoples led indirectly to ideas such as George Lakoff's " cognitive science of mathematics ", which asks if measurement systems themselves can be objective.
Lakoff's and work
Lakoff's work Language and Woman's Place introduces to the field of sociolinguistics many ideas about women's language that are now often commonplace ( although, similarly, many of her findings are now regarded as, at the very least, outdated ).
Lakoff's and which
Pinker portrayed Lakoff's arguments as " cognitive relativism, in which mathematics, science, and philosophy are beauty contests between rival frames rather than attempts to characterize the nature of reality ".
Lakoff's and for
George Lakoff's theory of moral politics states that these arise from family role differences ultimately, with a moral code emphasizing the logos or " rule " of the father as being the source of the motivations of the political " right ", and one emphasizing the more merciful moderns or mother-like view as being moral source for the " left ".
reliance and on
He concluded that selective service would not only prevent the disorganization of essential war industries but would avoid the undesirable moral effects of the British reliance on enlistment only -- `` where the feeling of the people was whipped into a frenzy by girls pinning white feathers on reluctant young men, orators preaching hate of the Germans, and newspapers exaggerating enemy outrages to make men enlist out of motives of revenge and retaliation ''.
A credulousness, a distaste for documentation, an uncritical reliance on contemporary accounts, and a proneness to assume a theory as true before adequate proof was provided were all evidences of his failure to comprehend the use of the scientific method or to evaluate the responsibilities of the historian to his reading public.
As Yinger has pointed out, the `` reliance on symbols, on tradition, on sacred writings, on the cultivation of emotional feelings of identity and harmony with sacred values, turns one to the past far more than to the future ''.
Here again, in the written language it is possible to help the reader get his stresses right by using underlining or italics, but much of the time there is simply reliance on his understanding in the light of context.
Though President John F. Kennedy was primarily concerned with the crucial problems of Berlin and disarmament adviser McCloy's unexpected report from Khrushchev, his new enthusiasm and reliance on personal diplomacy involved him in other key problems of U.S. foreign policy last week.
For his part Conan Doyle acknowledged basing his detective stories on the model of Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin, and his anonymous narrator, and basing his character Sherlock Holmes on Joseph Bell, who in his use of " ratiocination " prefigured Poirot's reliance on his " little grey cells ".
Humanity has progressively evolved an increasing reliance on intellectual faculties and a corresponding loss of intuitive or clairvoyant experiences, which have become atavistic.
The increasing intellectualization of consciousness, initially a progressive direction of evolution, has led to an excessive reliance on abstraction and a loss of contact with both natural and spiritual realities.
* Image classification: human only:, and with less reliance on the human:.
The heavy reliance on automobiles for transportation in Atlanta has resulted in traffic, commute, and air pollution rates that rank among the worst in the country.
Without such precautions, most programs may compile only on a certain platform or with a particular compiler, due, for example, to the use of non-standard libraries, such as GUI libraries, or to the reliance on compiler-or platform-specific attributes such as the exact size of certain data types and byte endianness.
Foremost among the new doubters were the empiricists, the advocates of scientific method, with its emphasis on experimentation and reliance on evidence gathered from sensory experience.
In general rationalism is the predominant school of thought in the multi-national, cross-cultural Age of reason, which began in the century straddling 1600 as a conventional date, empiricism is the reliance on sensory data gathered in experimentation by scientists of any country, who, in the Age of Reason were rationalists.
" It has been theorised that Smith failed to mention the Beowulf manuscript because of his reliance on previous catalogues or because either he had no idea how to describe it or because it was temporarily out of the codex.
Extremely large objects are normally shipped in sections and assembled onsite, but shipping an assembled unit reduced costs and avoided reliance on construction labor at the delivery site ( which in this case was still recovering from Hurricane Katrina ).
Because of the pen's reliance on gravity to coat the ball with ink, most ballpoint pens cannot be used to write upside down.
The large reliance on natural resources has several effects on the Canadian economy and Canadian society.
reliance and empirical
In contrast to absolute thermodynamic temperatures, empirical temperatures are measured just by the mechanical properties of bodies, such as their volumes, without reliance on the concepts of energy, entropy or the first, second, or third laws of thermodynamics.
As Bacon would say, " vexing nature " to reveal " her " secrets, ( scientific experimentation ), rather than a mere reliance on largely historical, even anecdotal, observations of empirical phenomena, would come to be regarded as a defining characteristic of modern science, if not the very key to its success.
For instance, Justice Powell once called a reliance on statistics " numerology " and discounted results of several empirical studies.
reliance and scientific
Cryptozoology has been criticised because of its reliance on anecdotal information and because some cryptozoologists do not follow the scientific method and devote a substantial portion of their efforts to investigations of animals that most scientists believe are unlikely to have existed.
In the mathematically-predictive hard sciences developing arguments ' from fundamentals ' would usually involve a very long repetition of known work, and is not practicable ; some reliance on authoritative prior scientific consensus is the norm, either with citation or not, e. g. a paper invoking Newton's laws of motion, formulated in 1687, does not in general include a formal citation to Isaac Newton, although it is implied.
More consistent with the scientific method than traditional, faith-based religion, the Kalama Sutta insists on a proper assessment of evidence, rather than a reliance on faith, hearsay or speculation:
Culture historians could catalogue items but in order to look beyond the material record, towards anthropology and the scientific method, they would have had to abandon their reliance on material, ' inhuman ,' cultures.
Vestiges was published in New York, and in response the April 1845 issue of the North American Review published a long review, the start of which was scathing about its reliance on speculative scientific theories: " The writer has taken up almost every questionable fact and startling hypothesis, that have been promulgated by proficients and pretenders in science during the present century ... The nebular hypothesis ... spontaneous generation ... the Macleay system, dogs playing dominoes, negroes born of white parents, materialism, phrenology ,-he adopts them all, and makes them play an important part in his own magnificent theory, to the exclusion, to a great degree, of the well-accredited facts and established doctrines of science.
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