Pinker argued that Lakoff's propositions are unsupported and his prescriptions a recipe for electoral failure.

Lakoff's reliance on empirical scientific evidence, i. e. specifically falsifiable predictions, in the 1987 work and in Philosophy in the Flesh ( 1999 ) suggests that the cognitive-metaphor position has no objections to the scientific method, but instead considers the scientific method a finely developed reasoning system used to discover phenomena which are subsequently understood in terms of new conceptual metaphors ( such as the metaphor of fluid motion for conducted electricity, which is described in terms of " current " " flowing " against " impedance ," or the gravitational metaphor for static-electric phenomena, or the " planetary orbit " model of the atomic nucleus and electrons, as used by Niels Bohr ).

George Lakoff's " Syntactic Amalgams " paper in 1974 ( Chicago Linguistics Society, 1974 ) posed a challenge for the idea of transformational derivation.

George Lakoff's theory of moral politics states that these arise from family role differences ultimately, with a moral code emphasizing the logos or " rule " of the father as being the source of the motivations of the political " right ", and one emphasizing the more merciful moderns or mother-like view as being moral source for the " left ".

Lakoff's theory has applications throughout all academic disciplines and much of human social interaction.

Johnson argues that his and Lakoff's recent research ( presented in their 1999 book Philosophy in the Flesh ) on the role of such bodily schemas in cognition and language shows the ways in which aesthetic aspects of experience structure every dimension of our experience and understanding, such as in our ethical reasoning ( as in Lakoff's book Moral Imagination ).

Lakoff's original thesis on conceptual metaphor was expressed in his book with Mark Johnson entitled Metaphors We Live By in 1980.

Lakoff's 1987 work, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, answered some of these criticisms before they were even made: he explores the effects of cognitive metaphors ( both culturally specific and human-universal ) on the grammar per se of several languages, and the evidence of the limitations of the classical logical-positivist or Anglo-American School philosophical concept of the category usually used to explain or describe the scientific method.

In addition to the dissertation on over by Brugman, Lakoff's use of image schema theory also drew extensively on Talmy and Langacker's theories of spatial relations terms as well.

Lakoff's work Language and Woman's Place introduces to the field of sociolinguistics many ideas about women's language that are now often commonplace ( although, similarly, many of her findings are now regarded as, at the very least, outdated ).

Lakoff's claim that Chomsky asserts independence between syntax and semantics has been rejected by Chomsky, who has given examples from within his work where he talks about the relationship between his semantics and syntax.

The essential thrust of Lakoff's work has been the argument that metaphors are primarily a conceptual construction, and indeed are central to the development of thought.

Lakoff's application of cognitive linguistics to politics, literature, philosophy and mathematics has led him into territory normally considered basic to political science.

The original subtitle reflected Lakoff's idea that conservatives, at least 1994 conservatives, understood the nature of American politics better than liberals.

The term is explained in Mark Johnson's book The Body in the Mind, in case study 2 of George Lakoff's Women, Fire and Dangerous Things and by Rudolf Arnheim in Visual Thinking.

The book could be compared with George Lakoff's Moral Politics, which aims to answer a very similar question.

Lakoff's 1977 paper, Linguistic Gestalts ( Chicago Linguistic Society, 1977 ) was an early version of CxG, arguing that the meaning of the whole was not a compositional function of the meaning of the parts put together locally.

The earliest study was " There-Constructions ," which appeared as Case Study 3 in George Lakoff's Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.

For instance, observation of very different ideas of mathematics and physics in indigenous peoples led indirectly to ideas such as George Lakoff's " cognitive science of mathematics ", which asks if measurement systems themselves can be objective.

Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues ( Cicero described his literary style as " a river of gold "), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.

Simone de Beauvoir tries to base an ethics on Heidegger's and Sartre's writings ( The Ethics of Ambiguity ), where she highlights the need to grapple with ambiguity: " as long as philosophers and they have thought, most of them have tried to mask it ... And the ethics which they have proposed to their disciples has always pursued thre same goal.

This is known through the writings of John of Salisbury, who is thought to have been a near exact contemporary student of Alan of Lille.

On the subject of alchemy and chemistry, many treatises relating to Alchemy have been attributed to him, though in his authentic writings he had little to say on the subject, and then mostly through commentary on Aristotle.

His exhortations and other interventions have survived in various writings: De virginibus, De viduis, De virginitate, De institutione virginis, De exhortatione virginitatis, and De lapsu virginis consecratae.

Some of economist Thomas Sowell's writings ( Intellectuals and Society ) suggest that academicians and intellectuals have an undeserved " halo effect " and face fewer disincentives than other professions against speaking outside their expertise.

Dürer's writings suggest that he may have been sympathetic to Martin Luther's ideas, though it is unclear if he ever left the Catholic Church.

Alexander was said to have been the earliest scholastics to engage in Aristotle's newly translated writings ( Metaphysics ).

The Arian party, as described by Athanasius, may not have existed in the form he portrayed in his writings.

Similarly, in 1971, Alistair Campbell stated that the apologue technique used in Beowulf is so infrequent in the epic tradition aside from when Virgil uses it that the poet who composed Beowulf could not have written the poem in such a manner without first coming across Virgil's writings.

Examples of early botanical works have been found in ancient sacred texts from India, ancient Zoroastrian writings, and ancient Chinese works.

Tradition ascribes authorship of the book to Isaiah son of Amoz, but for over a hundred years scholars have seen it as a compilation of writings from three different periods.

The Book of Jonah appears to have served less purpose in the Qumran community than other texts, as the writings make no references to it.

There have been attempts at categorizing this fictional group of beings, and Phillip A. Schreffler argues that by carefully scrutinizing Lovecraft's writings a workable framework emerges that outlines the entire " pantheon " – from the unreachable " Outer Ones " ( e. g. Azathoth, who apparently occupies the centre of the universe ) and " Great Old Ones " ( e. g. Cthulhu, imprisoned on Earth in the sunken city of R ' lyeh ) to the lesser castes ( the lowly slave shoggoths and the Mi-go ).

However, much of later liberal thought was absent in Locke's writings or scarcely mentioned, and his writings have been subject to various interpretations.

Poole, champion of literature, cannot accept Calef whose " faculties, as indicated by his writings appear to us to have been of an inferior order ;..." and his book " in our opinon, has a reputation much beyond its merits.

He may have been married, a conjecture supported by his writings.

His writings and his theology have remained central to tradition of the Fathers and to all Orthodox to this day.

The writings always have the central message of the bible ; Cyril doesn ’ t try to add his own beliefs in reference to religious interpretation and remains grounded in true biblical teachings.

Nonetheless she remains a greatly respected figure for her spiritual writings, and political boldness to " speak truth to power "— it being exceptional for a woman, in her time period, to have had such influence in politics and on world history.

" It is likely that we have only a partial view of their beliefs, because the writings of the Cathars were mostly destroyed due to the doctrinal threat perceived by the Papacy ; much of our existing knowledge of the Cathars is derived from their opponents.

For his political writings on doublespeak and hypocrisy, Noam Chomsky received the Orwell Award ( which ' recognizes writers who have made outstanding contributions to the critical analysis of public discourse ') in 1987 and 1989.