Lakoff believes consciousness to be neurally embodied, however he explicitly states that the mechanism is not just neural computation alone.

Lakoff makes an attempt to keep his personal views confined to the last third of the book, where he explicitly argues for the superiority of the liberal vision.

The term " cognitive " in " cognitive science " is " used for any kind of mental operation or structure that can be studied in precise terms " ( Lakoff and Johnson, 1999 ).

It was Lakoff & Johnson ( 1980, 1999 ) who greatly contributed to establishing the importance of conceptual metaphor as a framework for thinking in language.

Lakoff and Núñez's avowed purpose is to begin laying the foundations for a truly scientific understanding of mathematics, one grounded in processes common to all human cognition.

" Non-metaphorical thought is for Lakoff only possible when we talk about purely physical reality.

Early in 2001 Lakoff told the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ): " Mathematics may or may not be out there in the world, but there's no way that we scientifically could possibly tell.

One article distributed this way is " Metaphor and War: The Metaphor System Used to Justify War in the Gulf ", in which Lakoff argues that the particular conceptual metaphors used by the first Bush administration to justify American involvement in the Gulf ended up either obscuring reality, or putting a spin on the facts that was accommodating to the administration's case for military action.

The family is central to Lakoff because he views the family as Americans most common model for understanding the country ; that is Americans often metaphorically understand their country as a family, with the government corresponding to the parent ( s ) of the family and the individual citizens corresponding to the children.

Lakoff is certainly not trying to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for being liberal or conservative.

One motivation for making humanoid robots can be understood in the book Philosophy in the Flesh by Mark Johnson and George Lakoff.

Similar to the analysis of out given by Johnson, Lakoff argued that there were six basic spatial schemas for the English word over.

He is well known for contributions to embodied philosophy, cognitive science and cognitive linguistics, some of which he has coauthored with George Lakoff such as Metaphors We Live By.

George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's Metaphors We Live By ( 1980: 37 ) emphasizes " the face for the person " metonymy.

In a 1973 paper, George Lakoff for example analyzed hedges in the interpretation of the meaning of categories.

Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being ( hereinafter WMCF ) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist.

WMCF builds on earlier books by Lakoff ( 1987 ) and Lakoff and Johnson ( 1980, 1999 ), which analyze such concepts of metaphor and image schemata from second-generation cognitive science.

Lakoff and Núñez hold that mathematics results from the human cognitive apparatus and must therefore be understood in cognitive terms.

George P. Lakoff (, born May 24, 1941 ) is an American cognitive linguist and professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1972.

Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think is a 1996 book by cognitive linguist George Lakoff.

On one hand, Lakoff attempts to use the techniques of cognitive linguistics to better understand the mental frameworks that lie behind contemporary American politics.

In the terminology of cognitive linguistics, Lakoff views both liberal and conservative as " radial category " labels.

As a cognitive scientist, Lakoff believes he is describing mental structures that may well be mostly below the level of conscious thought.

As a cognitive scientists Lakoff emphasizes that what conservatives know that liberals don't is how to use metaphors to motivate people.

Lakoff and Johnson focus on English, and cognitive scholars writing in English have tended not to investigate the discourse of foreign languages in any great detail to determine the creative ways in which individuals negotiate, resist and consolidate conceptual metaphors.

Further, partly in response to such criticisms, Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez, in 2000, proposed a cognitive science of mathematics that would explain mathematics as a consequence of, not an alternative to, the human reliance on conceptual metaphor to understand abstraction in terms of basic experiential concretes.

Linguist George Lakoff has proposed a cognitive science of mathematics wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as consequences or products of human perception — which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology.

This leads to a graded notion of categories, which is a central notion in many models of cognitive science and cognitive semantics, e. g. in the work of George Lakoff ( Women, Fire and Dangerous Things, 1987 ) or

Founded by the prominent cognitive linguist George Lakoff, the Rockridge Institute sought to examine the way that frames — which Lakoff describes as " the mental structures that influence our thinking, often unconsciously "— determine our opinions and values.

A central claim is that the content of all linguistic signs involve mental simulations and are ultimately dependent on basic image schemas of the kind advocated by Mark Johnson and George Lakoff and so ECG aligns itself with cognitive linguistics.

The techniques native to cognitive semantics are typically used in lexical studies such as those put forth by Leonard Talmy, George Lakoff, Dirk Geeraerts, and Bruce Wayne Hawkins.

He wrote that Lakoff was condescending and deplored Lakoff's " shameless caricaturing of beliefs " and his " faith in the power of euphemism ".

Another thing Lakoff does not mean is that people consciously believe in the family concepts that he has described.

Lakoff also argues that metaphor plays an important part in political debates where it matters whether one is arguing in favor of the " right to life " or against the " right to choose "; whether one is discussing " illegal aliens " or " undocumented workers ".

When Lakoff claims the mind is " embodied ", he is arguing that almost all of human cognition, up through the most abstract reasoning, depends on and makes use of such concrete and " low-level " facilities as the sensorimotor system and the emotions.

Lakoff offers three complementary but distinct sorts of arguments in favor of embodiment.

Lakoff has publicly expressed both ideas about the conceptual structures that he views as central to understanding the political process, and some of his particular political views.

Here, Lakoff is specifically referring to liberals ' challenges in understanding conservatives.

Lakoff argues that people tend to think metaphorically, reasoning through analogy rather than logic.

In Metaphors We Live By George Lakoff and Mark Johnson argue that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but also in thought and action.

For Lakoff, the development of thought has been the process of developing better metaphors.

* Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, ( 1997 ).