The normal Landsknecht regiment included one interpreter per 400 men, and interpreters were commonly budgeted for in the staffs of the field armies of the French, and of German reiter regiments as well.

Such Swiss and Landsknecht phalanxes also contained men armed with two-handed swords, or Zweihänder, and halberdiers for close combat against both infantry and attacking cavalry.

Landsknechte ( German plural, singular Landsknecht ) were European, predominantly German mercenary pikemen and supporting foot soldiers from the late 15th to the late 16th century, and achieved the reputation for being the universal mercenary of Early modern Europe.

For example an experienced Landsknecht could be designated a Doppelsöldner, an armoured soldier who served as the backbone for the formation and in addition to the pike as more recent recruits, they could also be alternatively employed wielding a halberd or partisan, or, more famously, a Zweihänder ( literally: " Two-hander "), a two-handed sword as long as 180 cm ( 6 ft ).

Depiction of German Landsknecht s circa 1530, renowned mercenary infantry of the Medieval period famous for their long halberd s and Zweihänder swords.

They worked as army field surgeons for the German and Swiss Landsknecht until real military medical services were established by Prussia in the early 18th century.

In 1509, Frundsberg became the " Highest Field Captain " of the Landsknecht Regiment ( occupation force ) and participated in the war against Venice, winning fame for himself and his men after defending the city of Verona against numerous attacks.

The Swiss were confronted with the German Landsknecht who used similar tactics as the Swiss, but more pikes in the more difficult deutschen Stoss ( holding a pike that had its weight in the lower 1 / 3 at the end with two hands ), which was utilized in a more flexible attacking column.

French artillery or Spanish firepower dealt serious blows to the Swiss formations, and the Landsknecht pike blocks were there to fight off the depleted Swiss attack columns once this had occurred.

The Huguenots scorned their Landsknecht mercenaries after these were immediately routed by the battered Swiss mercenary pike-block they had been sent to finish off at the Battle of Dreux ( 1562 ).

The Tross were the camp followers or " baggage train " who traveled with each Landsknecht unit, carrying the military necessities, the food and the belongings of each soldier and his family.

The Lanzi were the armed guards, the term being an Italian form of Landsknecht.

As the Ottomans advanced towards Vienna, the city's population organised an ad-hoc resistance formed from local farmers, peasants and civilians determined to repel the inevitable attack who were supported by a variety of European mercenaries ; namely German Landsknecht pikemen and Spanish musketeers sent by Charles V.

These arquebusiers and heavy cannons scythed down the close-packed ranks of the Swiss squares in bloody heaps — at least, as long as the Swiss attack could be bogged down by earthworks or cavalry charges, and the shooters were backed up by Spanish and / or Landsknecht pikemen to defend them if necessary from the Swiss in close combat.

That army was further supplemented by " an army of different nations ", a reference to the fact that many of the troops were mercenaries from Germany ( Landsknecht ), and the Italian and Walloon territories of the Spanish Netherlands, as was characteristic of European warfare before the levies of the Napoleonic Wars.

The German Landsknecht mercenaries of the French, pike-armed like the Swiss, were able to form up into heavy squares, and the French were able to deploy some of their artillery.

But when 2, 000 Landsknecht reinforcements under Fabrizio Maramaldo arrived, the Florentines were almost annihilated, and Ferruccio was wounded and captured.

However Philip of Hesse and his father-in-law George of Saxony were on Müntzer's trail and directed their Landsknecht troops toward Frankenhausen.

Casualty figures are unreliable but peasant losses have been estimated at 3-10, 000 and the Landsknecht casualties estimated as low as 6 ( 2 of whom were only wounded ).

Francis's precipitate advance, however, had not only masked the fire of the French artillery, but also pulled him away from the mass of French infantry, commanded by Richard de la Pole, and by Francois de Lorraine, who led the Black Band of renegade Landsknecht pikemen ( not to be confused with the Italian mercenary company of arquebusiers by the same name ), which was 4, 000 to 5, 000 men strong.

In the end, as proven at Marignano and Bicocca, the pike attack of the Swiss mercenaries proved to be too vulnerable to firearms wielded by Spanish and Landsknecht arquebusiers and the earthworks and artillery of the French.

Exactly one hundred years later, in 1630 the country was invaded by hordes of Landsknecht that spread through the valley to the plain, left, as a remembrance of their fatal passage, in addition to the complete dispossession of property and many acts of violence, even the terrible and famous pestilential epidemic, which lasted almost two years and that many victims had reduced by almost one third of the inhabitants of the country.

In 1630 to fight the Landsknecht, Giovanni Maria Bondioni sat at the head of a citizen army to stop the mercenaries sent by Ferdinand II.

The flute and drum played by two people came to the United Kinddom with the Swiss guards ( Landsknecht ) in the 17th century and became the fife and drum in late Georgian times ( late 18th and early 19th centuries ).

The War of the Mantuan Succession broke out, and in 1630 an Imperial army of 36, 000 Landsknecht mercenaries besieged Mantua, bringing the plague with them.

Nonetheless, the repulse at Marignano presaged the decline of the Swiss form of pike warfare — eventually, the two-century run of Swiss victories ended in 1522 with complete disaster at the Battle of Bicocca when combined Spanish Tercios and Landsknecht forces decisively defeated them using fortifications and new technology ( i. e. handguns ).

The War of the Mantuan Succession broke out, and in 1630 an Imperial army of 36, 000 Landsknecht mercenaries besieged Mantua, bringing the plague with them.

On successive Sundays during October, 1960, Paul Ferris ( a non-Catholic ) wrote articles in the Observer depicting clergymen of the Church of England, the Church of Rome and the Nonconformist Church.

In the biography, Paul Allen wrote, regarding a suggestion in Cosmopolitan that his plays were becoming autobiographical: " If we take that to mean that his plays tell his own life story, he still hasn't started.

The Early Church Fathers wrote that Luke was a physician in Antioch and an adherent of the Apostle Paul.

After Christians in Ephesus first wrote to their counterparts recommending Apollos to them, he went to Achaia where Paul names him as an apostle ( 1 Cor 4: 6, 9-13 ) Given that Paul only saw himself as an apostle ' untimely born ' ( 1 Cor 15: 8 ) it is certain that Apollos became an apostle in the regular way ( as a witness to the risen Lord and commissioned by Jesus-1 Cor 15: 5-9 ; 1 Cor 9: 1 ).< ref > So the Alexandrian recension ; the text in < sup > 38 </ sup > and Codex Bezae indicate that Apollos went to Corinth.

Apollos and Paul were both in Ephesus at the time Paul wrote the letter ( 55 AD ); 16: 12 states Apollos was unwilling to go to Corinth yet at Paul's urging, but that he would later when he had an opportunity.

Paul wrote that Jesus was " born of a woman, born under the law " and " as to his human nature was a descendant of David " in the Epistle to the Galatians and the Epistle to the Romans.

Paul K. Davis wrote that " Caesar's victory took him to the pinnacle of power, effectively ending the Republic.

It is more likely that the epistle was written some time before the Jerusalem council, and that teachers came from Jerusalem to Antioch teaching the need for it after Paul wrote his epistle to the Galatians, churches from the first missionary journey, addressing this issue.

In 2007 President Paul W. Gooch wrote that Gate House undertook an " escalating series of actions " that were " defiant " and " disparaging of women ", in response to Gate members constructing a 2. 5-metre snow penis and placing a cooked pig's head in an Annesley bathroom.

Paul Gooch wrote that these traditions gave Gate House an " ethos " that contradicted his vision of residence life.

Paul the Apostle, an early Christian convert and missionary, wrote, " If Christ was not raised, then all our preaching is useless, and your trust in God is useless.

That the assessment of the contemporary situation advanced by John Paul II is not binding on the faithful was confirmed by Cardinal Ratzinger when he wrote in 2004 that,

One explanation for the origin of obligatory celibacy is that it is based on Christ's example and on the writings of Paul, who wrote of the advantages celibacy allowed a man in serving the Lord, Celibacy was popularized by the early Christian theologian Origen and Augustine.

John Paul II did not reveal this cardinal's identity prior to his death, or in the 15-page testament he wrote during his papacy and which was released after his death.

Historian Paul K. Davis wrote, " Having defeated Eudes, he turned to the Rhine to strengthen his northeastern borders-but in 725 was diverted south with the activity of the Muslims in Acquitane.

It does not appear that St. Paul had visited this city when he wrote his Epistle to the Colossians (, ), since he tells Philemon of his hope to visit it upon being freed from prison ( see Philemon 1: 22 ).

Paul Abbott was a story editor on the programme in the 1980s and began writing episodes in 1989, but left in 1993 to produce Cracker, for which he later wrote, before creating his own highly acclaimed dramas such as Touching Evil and Shameless.

The Apostle Paul wrote an entire epistle, Galatians, antagonistic to the teachings of a Jewish sect that claimed adherence to the teachings of both Jesus and Moses ( cf.

His long-time musical partner, alto saxophonist Paul Desmond, wrote the Dave Brubeck Quartet's best remembered piece, " Take Five ", which is in 5 / 4 time and has endured as a jazz classic on one of the top-selling jazz albums, Time Out.

At the request of Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris invented the Domain Name System in 1983 and wrote the first implementation.

Paul Hindemith wrote a rhythmically challenging Double Bass Sonata in 1949.

According to tradition, Saul / Paul of Tarsus wrote this letter while he was in prison in Rome ( around AD 62 ).

It could mean that he received word of the further development and growth of the church in Ephesus, and if Paul — co-founder of that church --- wrote the letter, this illuminates his follow-up: " I do not cease to give thanks for you ..."