x is the pressure divided by the vapor pressure for the adsorbate at that temperature ( usually denoted ), v is the STP volume of adsorbed adsorbate, v < sub > mon </ sub > is the STP volume of the amount of adsorbate required to form a monolayer and c is the equilibrium constant K we used in Langmuir isotherm multiplied by the vapor pressure of the adsorbate.

The term " covalence " in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled " The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules ".

The position that " Christian theological anti-Judaism is a phenomenon distinct from modern antisemitism, which is rooted in economic and racial thought, so that Christian teachings should not be held responsible for antisemitism " has been articulated, among other places, by Pope John Paul II in ' We Re member: A Reflection on the Shoah ,' and the Jewish declaration on Christianity, Dabru Emet .. Several scholars, including Susannah Heschel, Gavin I Langmuir and Uriel Tal the General Synod has affirmed that " the good news of salvation in Jesus Christ is for all and must be shared with all including people from other faiths or of no faith and that to do anything else would be to institutionalize discrimination ".

Another criticism, made by chemist Irving Langmuir, among others, was one of selective reporting.

Physicist Robert Park states that parapsychology's reported positive results are problematic because most such findings are invariably at the margin of statistical significance and that might be explained by a number of confounding effects ; Park states that such marginal results are a typical symptom of pathological science as described by Irving Langmuir.

The term was first used by Irving Langmuir, Nobel Prize-winning chemist, during a 1953 colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory.

Langmuir said a pathological science is an area of research that simply will not " go away "— long after it was given up on as ' false ' by the majority of scientists in the field.

Pathological science, as defined by Langmuir, is a psychological process in which a scientist, originally conforming to the scientific method, unconsciously veers from that method, and begins a pathological process of wishful data interpretation ( see the Observer-expectancy effect, and cognitive bias ).

The first true vacuum triodes in production were the Pliotrons developed by Irving Langmuir at the General Electric research laboratory ( Schenectady, New York ) in 1915.

The development of the diffusion pump in 1915 and improvement by Irving Langmuir led to the development of high-vacuum tubes.

A Langmuir probe can be purchased off the shelf for on the order of 15, 000 U. S. dollars, or they can be built by an experienced researcher and / or technician.

Langmuir monolayers are extensively studied for the fabrication of Langmuir-Blodgett film ( LB films ), which are formed by transferred monolayers on a solid substrate.

A Langmuir monolayer can be compressed or expanded by modifying its area with a moving barrier in a Langmuir film balance.

Synchrotron radiation was named after its discovery in a General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946 and announced in May 1947 by Frank Elder, Anatole Gurewitsch, Robert Langmuir, and Herb Pollock in a letter entitled " Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron ".

As S < sub > D </ sub > is dictated by factors that are taken into account by the Langmuir model, S < sub > D </ sub > can be assumed to be the adsorption rate constant.

* Floating, being electrically disconnected from an electronic power source, for example a floating-gate transistor ; non-connected to any circuit, for example floating potential acquired by a floating electrode in electrochemistry ( e. g., see Langmuir probe # Floating_potential )

It has been asserted by modern scholars, such as the Catholic priest Gavin Langmuir, that these accusations against Jews represented profound doubt about the truth of Christianity.

* June 1-The term covalence in relation to chemical bonding models is first used by Irving Langmuir.

The method was developed by Irving Langmuir and his co-workers in the 1920s, and has since been further developed in order to extend its applicability to more general conditions than those presumed by Langmuir.

Langmuir never intended the term to be rigorously defined ; it was simply the title of his talk on some examples of " weird science ".

Since the 1980s a large number of other materials have been employed to produce Langmuir monolayers, some of which are semi-amphiphilic, including macromolecules such as polymers.

As the chemical properties of the elements were known to largely repeat themselves according to the periodic law, in 1919 the American chemist Irving Langmuir suggested that this could be explained if the electrons in an atom were connected or clustered in some manner.

In 1919 chemist Irving Langmuir suggested that the periodic table could be explained if the electrons in an atom were connected or clustered in some manner.

Collisions between ions and electrons will also affect the I-V characteristic of a Langmuir probe.

In 1916, Irving Langmuir published a new model isotherm for gases adsorbed to solids, which retained his name.

Unlike the Audion, the vacuum triode could not demodulate radio signals directly ( although Langmuir and other researchers soon found alternative ways to do this ), but it was capable of linear ( i. e. undistorted ) amplification, which turned out to be a vastly more useful feature.

In fluid theory, in which the plasma is modeled as a dispersive dielectric medium, the energy of Langmuir waves is known: field energy multiplied by the Brillouin factor.

He has received many prizes, among which the APS Irving Langmuir Prize for Chemical Physics ( 2003 ), the AVS Medard W. Welch Award for Surface Science ( 1997 ), the Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics ( 2008 ) and the Richard Feynman Prize ( 1999 ).

Rapid precipitation from cumulonimbus clouds is possible due to so called Langmuir precipitation process in which large droplets can grow rapidly by coagulating with smaller droplets which fall down slowly.

The concept of the theory is an extension of the Langmuir theory, which is a theory for monolayer molecular adsorption, to multilayer adsorption with the following hypotheses: ( a ) gas molecules physically adsorb on a solid in layers infinitely ; ( b ) there is no interaction between each adsorption layer ; and ( c ) the Langmuir theory can be applied to each layer.

Langmuir – Blodgett films should not be confused with Langmuir films, which tends to describe an organic monolayer submersed in an aqueous solution.

* Glucose biosensor – use of poly ( 3-hexyl thiopene ) as Langmuir – Blodgett film, which entraps glucose-oxide and transfers it to a coated indium-tin-oxide glass plate.

Although this is the expression usually given in theoretical discussions of Langmuir probes, the derivation is not rigorous and the experimental basis is weak.

A Langmuir – Blodgett trough is a laboratory apparatus that is used to compress monolayers of molecules on the surface of a given subphase ( usually water ) and measures surface phenomena due to this compression.

In 1919 Irving Langmuir refined these concepts further and renamed them the " cubical octet atom " and " octet theory ".

It was further developed in 1919 by Irving Langmuir as the cubical octet atom.

Langmuir became embroiled in a priority dispute with Lewis over this work ; Langmuir's presentation skills were largely responsible for the popularization of the theory, although the credit for the theory itself belongs mostly to Lewis.

The Nobel Prize-winning chemist Irving Langmuir, who worked with Vonnegut's older brother Bernard at GE, became the model for Dr. Felix Hoenikker.

Vonnegut said in an interview with The Nation that " Langmuir was absolutely indifferent to the uses that might be made of the truths he dug out of the rock and handed out to whoever was around, but any truth he found was beautiful in its own right, and he didn ’ t give a damn who got it next.

* Irving Langmuir came up with the idea of ice-nine as a way to entertain H. G.

One of these, Dr Irving Langmuir of General Electric, took a somewhat unorthodox approach: instead of trying to prevent the absorption of the gas, he deliberately started out with a higher vacuum and looked for ways of making the Audion work under those conditions.

During this period, he published his first scientific paper, in physics and co-authored with Irving Langmuir.

Measurements with electric probes, called Langmuir probes, are the oldest and most often used procedures for low-temperature plasmas.

The general theoretical description of a Langmuir probe measurement requires the simultaneous solution of the Poisson equation, the collision-free Boltzmann equation, and the continuity equation with regard to the boundary condition at the probe surface and requiring that, at large distances from the probe, the solution approaches that expected in an undisturbed plasma.

When the effects of the electron thermal speed are taken into account, the electron pressure acts as a restoring force as well as the electric field and the oscillations propagate with frequency and wavenumber related by the longitudinal Langmuir wave:

During her research, she often worked with Langmuir, who had worked with her father.

The somewhat smaller crater Langmuir is intruding into the east-southeastern rim of Chebyshev, forming a chain of large craters with Brouwer on Langmuir's eastern rim.

He worked under Irving Langmuir on plasma physics, with a special interest in ball lightning, nuclear fusion, tungsten filament light bulbs, and lasers.

Lewis was found dead in his lab on the same day he had lunch with Irving Langmuir, 1932 recipient of the Chemistry prize.

While working in the public relations office at General Electric, Vonnegut came across a story of how Langmuir, who won the 1932 Nobel Prize for his work at General Electric, was charged with the responsibility of entertaining the author H. G.

Langmuir is said to have come up with an idea about a form of solid water that was stable at room temperature in the hopes that Wells might be inspired to write a story about it.

In their first experiments, Langmuir and Blodgett used flexible silk threads rubbed with wax to enclose and compress the monolayer film.

With this new device Langmuir showed that amphiphillic films are truly monolayers, and these monolayers are oriented on the surface such that the “ active or most hydrophilic portion of the surface molecules are in contact with the liquid below whereas the hydrophobic portions of the molecules are pointing up toward the air.

After the work of Blodgett the field was relatively inactive for several years until in 1971 H. Kuhn began performing optical and photoelectric experiments with monolayer assemblies using the methods of Langmuir and Blodgett.

This method provides a high contrast of the images based on the adsorbed amount of molecules, somewhat similar to Brewster angle microscopy ( this latter is most commonly used together with a Langmuir – Blodgett trough ).