In 1960, David D. Thomas published Basic Vocabulary In some Mon-Khmer Languages ( AL 2, No. 3, pp. 7 - 11 ), which compares 8 Mon-Khmer languages with the I-E language data on which Swadesh based the revised retention rate ( Af ) in place of original ( Af ), and his revised 100 word basic glottochronological list in Towards Greater Accuracy ( IJAL 21::

* Harris, Jonathan, ' Collusion with the infidel as a pretext for military action against Byzantium ', in Clash of Cultures: the Languages of Love and Hate, ed.

He developed it with a group of Africanists at the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures ( later the IAI ) in London.

The college's mission, the charter stated, was to prepare students " for discharging the Offices of Life with usefulness & reputation " by providing instruction " in the Vernacular and Learned Languages, and in the liberal Arts and Sciences.

Subsequently he published the influential and oft-reprinted Practical Phonetics for Students of African Languages in collaboration with Ida C. Ward ( 1933 ).

Languages that treat accented letters as variants of the underlying letter usually alphabetize words with such symbols immediately after similar unmarked words.

Languages spoken in Estonia are largely reflective of the ethnic groups composing the country, and thus have changed with historical trends affecting the ethnic makeup of the country.

Languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit had ways of altering or inflecting nouns to mark roles which are not specially marked in English, such as the ablative case (" John kicked the ball away from the house ") and the instrumental case (" John kicked the ball with his foot ").

Languages with rich nominal inflection typically have a number of identifiable declension classes, or groups of nouns with a similar pattern of case inflection.

Wall grew up in south Los Angeles and then Bremerton, Washington before starting higher education at Seattle Pacific University in 1976, majoring in chemistry and music and later Pre-med with a hiatus of several years working in the university's computing center before being graduated with a self-styled bachelor's degree in Natural and Artificial Languages.

Today custom ICs and the field-programmable gate array are typically designed with Hardware Description Languages ( HDL ) such as Verilog or VHDL.

Languages have different ways of dealing with these problems of repeated inheritance.

* Slavicists use the macron to indicate a non-tonic long vowel, or a non-tonic syllabic liquid, such as on l, lj, m, n, nj, and r. Languages with this feature include standard and jargon varieties of Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene, Bulgarian.

Along with S. A. Starostin, he established the Evolution of Human Languages project at the Santa Fe Institute.

Just before these articles were collected in final book form ( The Languages of Africa ) in 1963, he amended his classification by adding Kordofanian as a branch co-ordinate with Niger – Congo as a whole ; consequently, he renamed the family Congo – Kordofanian, later Niger – Kordofanian.

Languages like this have nasal vowels accompanied with complementary distribution between oral and nasal consonants before oral and nasal vowels.

Joseph Greenberg, in The Languages of Africa, set up the family with the following branches.

Languages with nominal classes divide nouns formally on the base of hyperonymic meanings.

Languages commonly arise by combining the elements of several predecessor languages with new ideas in circulation at the time.

* Franklyn Turbak and David Gifford with Mark Sheldon: Design Concepts in Programming Languages, The MIT Press 2009.

Rhyming in the Celtic Languages takes a drastically different course from most other Western rhyming schemes despite strong contact with the Romance and English patterns.

Languages that use syllabaries today tend to have simple phonotactics, with a predominance of monomoraic ( CV ) syllables.

Unlike nearly all key Nigerian Languages, the Itsekiri language does not have dialects and is uniformly spoken with little or no variance in pronunciation apart from the use of ' ch ' for the regular ' ts ' ( sh ) in the pronunciation of some individual Itsekiris, e. g. Chekiri instead of the standard Shekiri but these are individual pronunciation traits rather than dialectal differences.

Languages ( or dialects ) in this group are Mortlockese, Chuukese, Puluwatese, Saipan Carolinian, Satawalese, Woleaian, Ulithian, Sonsorolese, and the now-extinct language spoken until late in the last century in the little atoll of Mapia.

Languages may be classified as synthetic or analytic in their word formation, depending on the preferred way of expressing notions that are not inflectional: either by using word formation ( synthetic ), or by using syntactic phrases ( analytic ).

Languages may mark perfective aspect with morphology, syntactic construction, lexemes / particles, or other means.

Brugmann's fame rests on the two volumes on phonology, morphology, and word formation which he contributed to the five-volume Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (“ Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages ”), published from 1886 to 1893.

Languages in the Nigerian Middle Belt such as Janji, Gbiri-Niragu ( Kahugu ), the Nimbia dialect of Gwandara ; the Chepang_language of Nepal and the Mahl language of Minicoy Island in India are known to use duodecimal numerals.

Languages of South and East Asia, such as the Dravidian and Austronesian languages, typically do not have such voiced fricatives as and, which are very familiar to European speakers.

Languages that do not have grammatical tense, such as Chinese, express time reference through adverbials, time phrases, and so on.

Languages that lack this aspect ( such as Portuguese, which is closely related to Spanish ) often use the past perfective to render the present perfect ( compare the roughly synonymous English sentences " Have you eaten yet?

Languages may even spontaneously develop in environments where people live or grow up together without a common language, for example in the case of creole languages, and the case of spontaneously developed sign languages such as Nicaraguan Sign Language.

Languages such as C and assembly language have rudimentary macro systems, implemented as preprocessors to the compiler or assembler.

Languages can rely on either pitch, such as in Vedic Sanskrit or Ancient Greek, or tone.

Languages which utilize vowel length or intonation rather than or in addition to syllabic accents in determining meter, such as Ottoman Turkish or Vedic, often have concepts similar to the iamb and dactyl to describe common combinations of long and short sounds.

Languages such as English do not have phonemic tone, although they use intonation for functions such as emphasis and attitude.

Likewise, the concept of tradition has been used to defend the preservation and reintroduction of minority languages such as Cornish under the auspices of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

Other school magazines, including The Spectrum and The Arts Review, have been published, as well as publications produced by individual departments such as The Cave ( Philosophy ), Etonomics ( Economics ), Scientific Etonian ( Science ), and most recently The Lexicon ( Modern Languages ).

Languages which adhere closely to this standard, such as Unefunge ( one-dimensional ) and Trefunge ( three-dimensional ), are sometimes called funges, while more " distant relatives " which differ in significant respects, such as Wierd, are referred to as fungeoids.

Languages ( such as English ) having no syntactic T – V distinction may have semantic analogues to convey the mentioned attitudes towards the addressee, such as whether to address someone by first or last name, or whether to use " sir "/" ma ' am " in US English.

It also resembles a few preceding science fiction novels which deal with how languages shape the political and cultural stratum of societies, such as The Languages of Pao by Jack Vance or Anthem by Ayn Rand.