In September 2008, Gorbachev and billionaire Alexander Lebedev announced they would form the Independent Democratic Party of Russia, and in May 2009 Gorbachev announced that the launch was imminent.

Starting from 1952, works were held in the Moscow-based Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering ( headed by Sergei Lebedev ) on automated missile defense system which used a " computer network " which calculated radar data on test missiles through central machine called M-40 and was interchanging information with smaller remote terminals about 100 — 200 kilometers distant.

Pyotr Lebedev was first to successfully demonstrate light pressure, which he did in 1899 with a torsional balance ; Ernest Nichols and Gordon Hull conducted a similar independent experiment in 1901 using a Nichols radiometer.

The fact that electromagnetic radiation exerts a pressure upon any surface exposed to it was deduced theoretically by James Clerk Maxwell in 1871 and Adolfo Bartoli in 1876, and proven experimentally by Russian physicist Peter Lebedev in 1900 and by Ernest Fox Nichols and Gordon Ferrie Hull in 1901.

Later, Soviet scientists under V. V. Osiko at the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow perfected the technique, which was then named skull crucible ( an allusion either to the shape of the water-cooled container or to the form of crystals sometimes grown ).

The Skull Crucible process was developed at the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow to manufacture cubic zirconia.

Before 1991 he was head of the Department of Theoretical Astrophysics at the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow and has been professor at Moscow State University.

Three weeks after the acquisition of the paper by Alexander Lebedev and Evgeny Lebedev in 2010, the paper was relaunched with another redesign on 20 April.

He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where in 1946 defended his Ph. D. thesis on " Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter ".

In early July 2003, Platon Lebedev, a Khodorkovsky partner and second largest shareholder in Yukos, was arrested on suspicion of illegally acquiring a stake in a state-owned fertilizer firm, Apatit, in 1994.

Lebedev was arrested and charged in July 2003.

According to the prosecution, all four companies that participated in the privatization tender for 20 % of Apatit's stock in 1994 were shell companies controlled by Khodorkovsky and Lebedev, registered to create an illusion of competitive bidding that was required by the law.

Following the rejection of the appeal, the human rights group Amnesty International declared Khodorkovsky and Lebedev as " prisoners of conscience ," remarking in a statement that " Whatever the rights and wrongs of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev's first convictions there can no longer be any doubt that their second trial was deeply flawed and politically motivated.

The flight, manned by Pyotr Klimuk and Valentin Lebedev, was the Soviet Union's first dedicated science mission, and was the first mission controlled by the new Kaliningrad Mission Control Center.

The Orion 2 Space Observatory, designed by Grigor Gurzadyan, was operated by crew member Lebedev.

Valentin Vitaljevich Lebedev (; born April 14, 1942 in Moscow ) was a Soviet cosmonaut who made two flights into space.

After graduation from high school, Valentin Lebedev studied for a year ( 1960 ) at the Higher Air Force Navigators School in Orenburg, but he was discharged as a result of an armed forces reduction.

After this space flight, Lebedev was awarded a gold medal, " Hero of Soviet Union ", the Order of Lenin, and promoted to the rank of Pilot Cosmonaut.

After that space flight, Lebedev was awarded a second gold medal, " Hero of Soviet Union ", and a second Order of Lenin.

Lebedev is the author of “ Diary of a Cosmonaut: 211 Days in Space ”, written entirely while he was serving aboard the " space complex " " TS " Soyuz-5 "-" Salyut-7 "-Soyuz T-7 ".

He has one son, Vitaly Lebedev ( born 1972 ), who was educated as a lawyer and an economist.

Lebedev was convicted of tax evasion in 2005, and sentenced to nine years in prison.

It is also known as Lebedev Institute of Physics or just Lebedev Institute.

" Lebedev has also described them as a bunch of uncultured ignoramuses, saying " They don't read books.

In 1975, Linde was awarded a Ph. D. from the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow.

On 21 January 2009, Russian businessman and former KGB agent Alexander Lebedev and son Evgeny Lebedev, now the newspaper's chairman, agreed to purchase 75. 1 % of the newspaper for £ 1.

On 25 March 2010, Independent News & Media sold the newspaper to Alexander Lebedev for a £ 1 fee and £ 9. 25m over the next 10 months, since closing the Independent and its Sunday title would have cost £ 28m and £ 40m respectively, due to long-term contracts.

* The first crew, Anatoli Berezovoy and Valentin Lebedev, arrived on 13 May 1982 on Soyuz T-5 and remained for 211 days until 10 December 1982.

As a result, Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were convicted of embezzlement from the oil companies and some of the oil companies ' minority shareholders acted as witnesses for the prosecution during the trial.

Those shell companies then resold the fertilizer at the market value, generating pure profit for Khodorkovsky, Lebedev and others.

The former heads of Yukos, Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev, were sentenced to eight years ' imprisonment for fraud and tax evasion.

On 24 May 2011, Amnesty International criticized Lebedev and Khodorkovsky's second trial, named them prisoners of conscience, and called for their release on the expiry of their initial sentences.

Khodorkovsky's supporters point out that the charges come just months before Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were to become eligible for parole, as well as just a year before the next Russian presidential election.

On 15 February Vyacheslav Lebedev, chairman of Russia's Supreme Court, suggested reviving an old Soviet practice under which a maximum sentence for a person charged with different crimes should not exceed the sentence attached to the most serious charge: in Khodorkovsky's case, nine years.

The U. S. Senate, prompted by Maryland Democrat Ben Cardin and Mississippi Republican Roger Wicker, passed a resolution saying Khodorkovsy and Lebedev ' are prisoners who have been denied basic due process rights under international law for political reasons.

Launched 18 December 1973, the Soyuz 13 crew of Klimuk and Lebedev performed some of the experiments intended for the failed Salyut space stations from the previous year.

In 1975 Lebedev defended his Ph. D. thesis on “ Methods of formation of the dynamic test bench for the base service of spaceship and crew training ”.

After his graduation from the Moscow Aviation Institute, Lebedev worked for 23 years at the Central Design Bureau " Energy " ( SPU " Energy ") of the Soviet Scientific Production Union as an engineer, senior research fellow, and a methodology instructor in the cosmonaut's detachment.

Valentin Lebedev trained as a cosmonaut from 1971 – 1973, at the Yuri A. Gagarin Center for Cosmonaut Training.

Valentin Lebedev is the author of 157 scientific works ; author and coauthor of nine monographs and two school textbooks for the Moscow Aviation Institute ; 27 articles in “ Science and Life ” magazine ; and a large number of publications in domestic and foreign press.

On 24 May 2011, Lebedev and Khodorkovsky were named prisoners of conscience by Amnesty International, which criticized the men's second trial and called for their release on the expiry of their initial sentences.

The fight has been placed in limbo as there hasn't been an agreement for payment for both fighters, as well as Toney's ambition to fight rising Russian boxing prospect Denis Lebedev at cruiserweight.

* Evening Standard-Previously owned by Associated, after facing financial difficulties the paper was purchased by Russian businessman Alexander Lebedev, on 21 January 2009, for the price of £ 1.

At the end of 2008, it was reported that Lebedev had abandoned plans for investment in Air Botswana.

Lebedev and his team developed several more computers, notably the BESM-6, which was in production for 17 years.