The study of microorganisms is called microbiology, a subject that began with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in 1675, using a microscope of his own design.

Before Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in 1675, it had been a mystery why grapes could be turned into wine, milk into cheese, or why food would spoil.

Van Leeuwenhoek's interest in microscopes and a familiarity with glass processing led to one of the most significant, and simultaneously well-hidden, technical insights in the history of science.

Despite the initial success of Van Leeuwenhoek's relationship with the Royal Society, this relationship was soon severely strained.

Ford carried out observations with a range of microscopes, adding to our knowledge of Van Leeuwenhoek's work.

Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes consisted of a small, single converging lens mounted on a brass plate, with a screw mechanism to hold the sample or specimen to be examined.

Van Leeuwenhoek's home-made microscopes were very small simple instruments, with a single, yet strong lens.

But it was not until Antony van Leeuwenhoek's dramatic improvements in lensmaking beginning in the 1670s — ultimately producing up to 200-fold magnification with a single lens — that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria and the sheer strangeness and diversity of microscopic life.

Germ theory developed slowly: despite Anton van Leeuwenhoek's observations of Microorganisms, ( which are now known to cause many of the most common infectious diseases ) in the year 1680, the modern era of public health did not begin until the 1880s, with Louis Pasteur's germ theory and production of artificial vaccines.

* Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's observations with the microscope are first published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

Finally in 1680, Van Leeuwenhoek's observations were fully vindicated by the Society.

Van Leeuwenhoek's observations were recreated, using a single-lens microscope of the kind he used, by British microbiologist Brian J. Ford, who showed how clearly one could view Giardia through a primitive microscope.

Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes by Henry Baker ( naturalist )

Eventually, in the face of Van Leeuwenhoek's insistence, the Royal Society arranged to send an English vicar, as well as a team of respected jurists and doctors, to Delft, to determine whether it was in fact Van Leeuwenhoek's ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps the Royal Society's theories of life itself that might require reform.

He suffered from a rare disease, an uncontrolled movement of the midriff, which is now named Van Leeuwenhoek's disease.

Amongst those published were Van Leeuwenhoek's accounts of bee mouthparts and stings.

Van Leeuwenhoek's vindication resulted in his appointment as a Fellow of the Royal Society in that year.

In 1981 the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that Van Leeuwenhoek's original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London.

For many years no-one was able to reconstruct Van Leeuwenhoek's design techniques.

Leeuwenhoek's discoveries renew the question of spontaneous generation in microorganisms.

It took about 150 years of optical development before the compound microscope was able to provide the same quality image as van Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopes, due to difficulties in configuring multiple lenses.

Building on Leeuwenhoek's work, physician Nicolas Andry argued in 1700 that microorganisms he called " worms " were responsible for smallpox and other diseases.

In 2010, U. S. Pentagon officials along with American geologists have revealed the discovery of nearly $ 1 trillion in untapped mineral deposits in Afghanistan.

MacNeill was briefly convinced to go along with some sort of action when Mac Diarmada revealed to him that a shipment of German arms was about to land in County Kerry, planned by the IRB in conjunction with Roger Casement ; he was certain that the authorities ' discovery of such a shipment would inevitably lead to suppression of the Volunteers, thus the Volunteers were justified in taking defensive action ( including the originally planned manoeuvres ).

Hulubei and Cauchois reported their discovery and proposed the name moldavium, along with the symbol Ml, after Moldavia, the Romanian province where Hulubei was born.

The discovery of oil and gas deposits along the coast and offshore, combined with easy access to shipping, have made the Gulf Coast the heart of the U. S. petrochemical industry.

But, in 1992, the discovery of Glagolitic inscriptions in churches along the Orljava river in Slavonia, totally changed the picture ( churches in Brodski Drenovac, Lovčić and some others ), showing that use of Glagolitic alphabet was spread from Slavonia also.

They dominated trade and discovery along the coasts of Africa, and Asia until the mid 17th century.

In 1988, Lederman received the Nobel Prize for Physics along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger " for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino ".

After Columbus ' initial discovery, the name then evolved along the pronunciations Madinina (" Island of Flowers "), Madiana, and Matinite.

Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People ( 1830, Louvre ), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict. During the Enlightenment period, new theories about what the human was and is and about the definition of reality and the way it was perceived, along with the discovery of other societies in the Americas, and the changing needs of political societies ( especially in the wake of the English Civil War, the American Revolution and the French Revolution ) led to new questions and insights by such thinkers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu and John Locke.

In 1996, along with Robert Curl, also a professor of chemistry at Rice, and Harold Kroto, a professor at the University of Sussex, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of a new form of carbon, buckminsterfullerene (" buckyballs "), and was a leading advocate of nanotechnology and its many applications, including its use in creating strong but lightweight materials as well as its potential to fight cancer.

In addition to his other accomplishments, William Herschel is also noted for his discovery that some stars do not merely lie along the same line of sight, but are also physical companions that form binary star systems.

Due to the risk of discovery, information about routes and safe havens was passed along by word of mouth.

He became famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus, along with two of its major moons ( Titania and Oberon ), and also discovered two moons of Saturn.

Hebron continued to constitute an important local economic centre, given its strategic position along trading routes, but, as is shown by the discovery of seals at Lachish with the inscription lmlk Hebron ( to the king.

However he soon reversed this rosy assessment, when on October 23, 1854, The Times of London published a report by explorer-physician John Rae of the discovery by Eskimos of the remains of the lost Franklin expedition along with unmistakable evidence of cannibalism among members of the party:

Sir William Ramsay ( 1852 – 1916 ) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 " in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air " ( along with Lord Rayleigh who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for the discovery of argon ).

Russell was married to a Cherokee woman, and through his connections to the tribe, he heard about an 1849 discovery of gold along the South Platte River.

This refusal was based on the recent discovery, by Bartholomeu Dias, of the eastward route to Asia along the African coast and across the Indian Ocean.

Since the discovery of the Sweet Track, it has been determined that it was built along the route of an even earlier track, the Post Track, dating from 3838 BC and so 30 years older.

The discovery of livermorium was recognized by JWG of IUPAC on 1 June 2011, along with that of flerovium.

Cartier's particular contribution to the discovery of Canada is as the first European to penetrate the continent, and more precisely the interior eastern region along the St. Lawrence River.

The discovery of ununquadium was recognized by JWG of IUPAC on 1 June 2011, along with that of ununhexium.

The discovery of Kennewick Man, along with other ancient skeletons, has furthered scientific debate over the exact origin and history of early Native American people.