: It is shown in this book that Leibniz's ideas can be fully vindicated and that they lead to a novel and fruitful approach to classical Analysis and to many other branches of mathematics.

* One of Leibniz's interlocutors in his book New Essays on Human Understanding

At University of Michigan, Dewey published his first two books, Psychology ( 1887 ), and Leibniz's New Essays Concerning the Human Understanding ( 1888 ), both of which expressed Dewey's early commitment to British neo-Hegelianism.

Also notable was the work of some Continental Rationalist philosophers, especially Baruch Spinoza's ( 1632 – 1677 ) On the Improvement of the Understanding ( 1662 ) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's ( 1646 – 1716 ) New Essays on Human Understanding ( completed 1705, published 1765 ).

The German philosopher, Gottfried Leibniz, came up with what is now called Leibniz's law ( see Identity of indiscernibles ) that may have some bearing on the question.

Potentially, each Whiteheadean occasion of experience is causally consequential on every other occasion of experience that precedes it in time, and has as its causal consequences every other occasion of experience that follows it in time ; thus it has been said that Whitehead's occasions of experience are'all window ', in contrast to Leibniz's ' windowless ' monads.

French philosopher Voltaire criticised Leibniz's concept of theodicy in his Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne ( Poem on the Lisbon disaster ), suggesting that the massive destruction of innocent lives caused by the Lisbon earthquake demonstrated that God was not providing the " best of all possible worlds ".

In The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1914 ), Constantine Kempf argued that, following Leibniz's work, philosophers called their works on the problem of evil ' theodicies ', and philosophy about God was brought under the discipline of theodicy.

However, unlike Archimedes ' method, which was based on Euclidean geometry, Newton's and Leibniz's integral calculus did not have a rigorous foundation.

* November 11-Gottfried Leibniz's notebooks record a breakthrough in his work on calculus.

Moreover, the review focuses on Leibniz's principles of mathematics which Stephenson claims established the framework for modern computing.

The Analyst was a direct attack on the foundations and principles of the infinitesimal calculus, specifically on Newton's notion of fluxions and on Leibniz's notion of infinitesimal change.

The Curta's design is a descendant of Gottfried Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner and Thomas's Arithmometer, accumulating values on cogs, which are added or complemented by a stepped drum mechanism.

In comparison with European mathematics, Seki's first manuscript was as early as Leibniz's first commentary on the subject, which treated only up to the 3X3 case.

Following agreement by the Leibniz Academy on the use of the name, the " Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover " received its name on the 360th anniversary of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's birth.

Having published his translation of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz's System of Theology in 1850, he was occupied on his Life of Cardinal Mezzofanti which appeared in 1858.

" There are quite a few mentions of the characteristica in Leibniz's writings, but he never set out any details save for a brief outline of some possible sentences in his Dissertation on the Art of Combinations.

More examples would include Descartes ' Mind / Body dualism, Spinoza's God or nature, and Leibniz's monadology, Plotinus ' " The One " and his teaching on emanation, the British empiricists ' attempts to limit knowledge and possibility to that which can be empirically verified, Kant's worlds of the noumena and the phenomena, and Hegel's dialectic.

Only then was it possible to determine the extent of Leibniz's unpublished work on logic.

Leibniz's work is bracketed by some earlier mathematical ideas of René Descartes, and the satirical attack of Voltaire on Panglossianism.

Decades of research on symbolic artificial intelligence have not brought Leibniz's dream of a characteristica any closer to fruition.

* Carolyn Merchant, " The Vitalism of Anne Conway: its Impact on Leibniz's Concept of the Monad " ( Journal of the History of Philosophy 17 ( 1979 ) pp 255 – 69 )

The story is an attack on Leibniz's optimistic theory that ours is the best of all possible worlds, a philosophy that is espoused by the character of Professor Pangloss even though the events around him are presented as unambiguously awful.

However later Voltaire renounced his admiration for Pope and Leibniz's optimism and even wrote a novel, Candide, as a satire on Pope and Leibniz's philosophy of ethics.

In the same year, the German scholar Johann Georg von Eckhart, in an essay published in Leibniz's Collectanea Etymologica, proposed for the first time a relation to the Samoyedic languages.

He had become known as a versatile scholar and a student of natural history and antiquities, and he published some original poems and also translations, among the latter of Leibniz's philosophical works and of Ossian's poems.

Newton's Method of Fluxions was formally published posthumously, but following Leibniz's publication of the calculus a bitter rivalry erupted between the two mathematicians over who had developed the calculus first and so Newton no longer hid his knowledge of fluxions.

In Leibniz's notation, such an infinitesimal change in x is denoted by dx, and the derivative of y with respect to x is written

From these hypotheses, it is also possible to prove that there is only one God in each world by Leibniz's law, the identity of indiscernibles: two or more objects are identical ( are one and the same ) if they have all their properties in common, and so, there would only be one object in each world that possesses property G. Gödel did not attempt to do so however, as he purposely limited his proof to the issue of existence, rather than uniqueness.

Leibniz's Law can be saved, by saying: Properties are to be described as occurring at particular times, i. e. they are indexed to times.

Still by, for instance, proposing alternative deduction rules involving Leibniz's law or other rules for validity some philosophers are willing to defend vagueness as some kind of metaphysical phenomenon.

His polemic, which is inspired throughout by Locke, is directed against the innate ideas of the Cartesians, Malebranche's faculty-psychology, Leibniz's monadism and preestablished harmony, and, above all, against the conception of substance set forth in the first part of the Ethics of Spinoza.

Leibniz's idea is that God has created a pre-established harmony such that it only seems as if physical and mental events cause, and are caused by, one another.

( One could view the method of integration by substitution as a major justification of Leibniz's notation for integrals and derivatives.

He successfully escapes them by finding safe passage through a mine connecting to Leibniz's.

Gottfried Leibniz's theory of pre-established harmony () is a philosophical theory about causation under which every " substance " only affects itself, but all the substances ( both bodies and minds ) in the world nevertheless seem to causally interact with each other because they have been programmed by God in advance to " harmonize " with each other.

Berkeley's logical criticism is answered in the framework of the Leibnizian calculus by pointing out that the term is not set equal to zero but rather merely rejected at the end of the calculation so as to arrive at the value for the differential quotient, as an application of Leibniz's transcendental law of homogeneity.

The difficulty was expressed by Gottfried Leibniz in an analogy known as Leibniz's Mill:

This distinction can be illustrated by revisiting Leibniz's thought experiment, in which the universe is shifted over five feet.

: ( derived equivalently by applying Leibniz's theorem for differentiation of a product to Rodrigues ' formula.

Descartes's ambitions were far more modest than Leibniz's, and also far more successful, as shown by his wedding of algebra and geometry to yield what we now know as analytic geometry.

It was discovered by Gottfried Leibniz and is sometimes known as Leibniz's test or the Leibniz criterion.

* French, Latin and Spanish edition ( 1981 ), with facsimil of Leibniz's manuscript, and introduction by Gustavo Bueno