The new Taoiseach, Seán Lemass, began the process of retiring de Valera's ministers, many of whom had first become ministers in the de Valera cabinet of 1932.

Hillery was invited by Lemass to allow his name to go forward for the leadership of the party, however, he declined explaining that he had no interest.

The party which Lemass had described as only a " slightly constitutional party " in 1929 was now leading the Irish Free State, a state that de Valera and Lemass had fought a civil war to destroy a decade earlier.

Lemass had the two difficult tasks of developing Irish industry behind his new tariff walls, and convincing the conservative Department of Finance to promote state involvement in industry.

In 1933, Lemass set up the Industrial Credit Corporation to facilitate investment for industrial development ; in the climate of the depression investment had dried up.

A generation of leaders who had dominated Irish politics for over three decades had moved off the stage of history — although neither Fine Gael or Labour's new leaders initiated major policy changes on the level of Lemass '.

Following the introduction of this programme the policy of protection was eventually ended and the Control of Manufacturers Act, which had been in place since 1932 and had been introduced by Lemass himself, was also abolished.

Agriculture, which had had disappointing results in the First Programme, was understated in the second — a clear break in the Lemass policies from de Valera's longstanding courting of rural voters.

The Second Programme was discontinued in 1967, after Lemass had left office and the programme's goals proved far from completion.

This plan had the backing of Lemass, however, O ' Malley never discussed this hugely innovative and hugely expensive plan with any other cabinet ministers, least of all the Minister for Finance Jack Lynch.

Although he was of the staunch republican tradition that rejected partition, by the time he became Taoiseach Lemass had sharply moderated his views, recognizing that partition was unlikely to end in the foreseeable future and that the Republic was better served by disposing of the issue.

He had years before told Tony Grey of The Irish Times that if he ever succeeded Brooke, he hoped to meet with Lemass.

The rise of the civil rights campaign and the unionists ' refusal to acknowledge it ended the optimism with violence in 1969, after Lemass ' term in office had ended.

Lemass, who had served his country for fifty years, now retired to the backbenches.

At the time of his retirement it was suspected that Lemass had cancer, however this assumption was later disproved.

Some historians have questioned whether Lemass came to the premiership too late, arguing that had he replaced de Valera as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach in 1951 he could have begun the process of reform of Irish society and the industrialisation of the Republic of Ireland a decade earlier than 1959, when he eventually achieved the top governmental job.

One story exists where Lynch, in spite of tremendous pressure from Seán Lemass and the entire Fianna Fáil party to stand for the leadership, only accepted the nomination after Máirín had agreed.

It subsequently transpired that Lemass had previously agreed the decision without cabinet discussion as was required.

Ironically its architect, Sean Lemass, is now best remembered for dismantling and reversing the policy from 1960, advised by T. K. Whitaker's 1958 report " First Programme for Economic Expansion ".

Under Lemass, party elders such as James Ryan, Seán MacEntee and Paddy Smith retired and a new generation of politicians were introduced to government such as Brian Lenihan, Donogh O ' Malley, Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney.

In 1962 Lemass appointed Haughey as Minister for Agriculture.

Haughey declared his candidature to succeed Lemass in the consequent leadership election.

Lemass also encouraged Colley, Haughey and Blaney to withdraw in favour of Lynch, realising that they would not win the contest.

Maureen Lemass would later go on to marry a successor of Lemass as Fianna Fáil leader and a future Taoiseach, Charles Haughey.

Younger men such as Brian Lenihan, Charles Haughey, Patrick Hillery and Michael Hilliard were all given their first Cabinet portfolios by Lemass, and ministers who joined under de Valera, such as Jack Lynch, Neil Blaney and Kevin Boland were promoted by the new Taoiseach.

* 8 November-Seán Haughey, Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála for Dublin North – East, son of Charles Haughey and Maureen Haughey, grandson of Seán Lemass.

The son of Charles Haughey and Maureen Lemass, Haughey was educated at St. Paul's College, Raheny, Dublin and Trinity College, Dublin where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and Politics.

His father was Charles Haughey, while his grandfather was Seán Lemass.

In 1976 she contested the by-election in Dublin South – West, following the death of her 47-year-old husband, Noel Lemass, Jnr, a son of former Taoiseach Seán Lemass and a brother-in-law to another former Taoiseach Charles Haughey.

Maureen Haughey ( née Lemass ) ( born 1925 ) is the widow of Charles Haughey, who served as Taoiseach of Ireland for three terms.

He considers that Lemass moved the Irish economy away from free trade in the 1930s, and back into it in the 1960s ; a costly mistake that affected many thousands of ( non-voting ) emigrants.

What is not in doubt is that Éamon de Valera and Seán Lemass held diametrically different visions of Ireland ; de Valera's was of a pastoral rural-based society " given to frugal living ", Lemass has a vision of a modern industrialised society, a member of the European Community.

He then served as Minister for Lands in de Valera's 1957-59 cabinet ; as Minister for Transport and Power under Seán Lemass ; and, successively, as Transport Minister, Posts and Telegraphs Minister, and Health Minister under Jack Lynch.

Seán Lemass was best-man ; he would also give the valedictory oration at O ' Dea's funeral in 1965.

In the 1960s the economy greatly expanded, under the leadership of Seán Lemass, many rehousing schemes ( including Ballymun ) were started to clear the Dublin tenements ; the Industrial Development Authority refocused on high technology and foreign direct investment was encouraged.

In 1966 the Taoiseach Seán Lemass visited Northern Ireland in secrecy, leading to a return visit to Dublin by Terence O ' Neill ; it had taken four decades to achieve such a simple meeting.

I had advised friends to write me to `` No Man's Land, Pont Kehl, Between Strasbourg and Kehl, France-Germany ''.

If his circumspection in regard to Philip's sensibilities went so far that he even refused to grant a dispensation for the marriage of Amadee's daughter, Agnes, to the son of the dauphin of Vienne -- a truly peacemaking move according to thirteenth-century ideas, for Savoy and Dauphine were as usual fighting on opposite sides -- for fear that he might seem to be favoring the anti-French coalition, he would certainly never take the far more drastic step of ordering the return of Gascony to Edward, even though, as he admitted to the English ambassadors, he had been advised that the original cession was invalid.

After Quiney was elected bailiff in September, 1601, without Greville's approval, Greene wrote him that Coke had promised to be of counsel for Stratford and had advised `` that the office of bayly may be exercised as it is taken upon you, ( Sr. Edwardes his consent not beinge hadd to the swearinge of you ) ''.

In his answer thereto, he advised the Board that he had made no such statement in 1956, and asserted that his only claim to `` pioneering '' was in 1952.

Giffen had advised that it would not be too difficult to obtain freedom locally for the old house servants.

The juror said the masked men had advised him to be lenient.

she persisted in explaining how and why she had advised Mrs. Salter to return to the country.

Soon, however, the Duke of Canossa, Alberto Uzzo, who had been advised of the rescue, arrived and carried her off to his castle, where she was besieged by Berengar.

At the same time, he was doing his National Service with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps in Shrewsbury, where Busby had advised him to apply as it meant he could still play for United at the weekend.

Within two days following the assassination, Austria-Hungary and Germany advised Serbia that they should open an investigation, but Serbian Foreign Minister Gruic, speaking for Serbia replied, " Nothing had been done so far, and the matter did not concern the Serbian Government ," after which " high words " were spoken on both sides.

The couple had at first exchanged letters, which Beatty signed ' Jack ', as Ethel was still a married woman and discretion was advised.

He had been advised not to leave his bed, but he went anyway saying, " What will the Navy say if I fail to attend Jellicoe's funeral?

One of Eleanor's rumoured lovers had been Henry's own father, Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, who had advised his son to avoid any involvement with her.

On 23 March 1581 Sir Francis Walsingham advised the Earl of Huntingdon that two days earlier Anne Vavasour, one of the Queen's Maids of Honour, had given birth to a son, and that " the Earl of Oxford is avowed to be the father, who hath withdrawn himself with intent, as it is thought, to pass the seas ".

Dollfuss took the three resignations as a pretext to declare that the National Council had become unworkable, and advised President Wilhelm Miklas to issue a decree adjourning it indefinitely.

Rabbi Chaim Noach Levin also wrote in his notes on Megillas Yuchsin that he heard directly from Rabbi Yosef Shaul Halevi, the head of the Rabbinical court of Lemberg, that when he wanted to go see the remains of the Golem, the sexton of the Alt-Neu Shul said that Rabbi Yechezkel Landau had advised against going up to the attic after he himself had gone up.

" Pitter had a sympathetic interest in Blair's writing, pointed out weaknesses in his poetry, and advised him to write about what he knew.

) Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant Prime Minister's direct advice ( the practice until 1926 was that Dominion prime ministers advised the monarch indirectly, through the British government, which effectively had a veto over any proposal it did not agree with ).

He advised the emperor, after the conference had broken up, not to renew it, but to submit everything to the pope.

After affirming that he had no intention of taking up arms Fox was able to speak with Cromwell for most of the morning about the Friends and advised him to listen to God's voice and obey it so that, as Fox left, Cromwell " with tears in his eyes said, ' Come again to my house ; for if thou and I were but an hour of a day together, we should be nearer one to the other '; adding that he wished no more ill than he did to his own soul.

Meanwhile, Quakers in New England had been banished ( and some executed ), and Charles was advised by his councillors to issue a mandamus condemning this practice and allowing them to return.

The documentary also noted that Holt was suffering a shoulder injury and had been advised by his physician Marcus de Laune Faunce not to play tennis or swim-advice that Holt ignored on both counts.