Image: Grabplatte Johann Wauer Hochkirch. jpg | Lengthy epitaph for Johann Wauer a ( German pastor ), died 1728, concluding with a short Biblical quotation

Since the end of the Cold War, the focus of civil defense has largely shifted from military attack to emergencies and disasters in general.

As the threat of Cold War eased, a number of such civil defense organisations have been disbanded or mothballed ( as in the case of the Royal Observer Corps in the United Kingdom and the United States civil defense ), while others have changed their focuses into providing rescue services after natural disasters ( as for the State Emergency Service in Australia ).

For example, there were no more than five civil wars underway simultaneously in the first half of the 20th century, while over 20 concurrent civil wars were occurring at the end of the Cold War, before a significant decrease as conflicts strongly associated with the superpower rivalry came to an end.

The Cold War ( 1945 – 1989 ) provided a global network of material and ideological support that perpetuated civil wars, which were mainly fought in weak ex-colonial states, rather than the relatively strong states that were aligned with the Warsaw Pact and North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Using a separate statistical evaluation than used above for interventions, civil wars that included pro-or anti-communist forces lasted 141 % longer than the average non-Cold War conflict, while a Cold War civil war that attracted superpower intervention resulted in wars typically lasting over three times as long as other civil wars.

Conversely, the end of the Cold War marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 resulted in a reduction in the duration of Cold War civil wars of 92 % or, phrased another way, a roughly ten-fold increase in the rate of resolution of Cold War civil wars.

Many such shelters were constructed as civil defense measures during the Cold War.

Key events that began the Cold War included Soviet, Yugoslav, Bulgarian, and Albanian intervention in the Greek civil war on the side of the communists, and the creation of the Berlin blockade by the Soviet Union in 1948.

Beginning at the Cold War ’ s conclusion, in late 1989, popular civil and political public discontent forced the Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power – independent national politics made feasible with the perestroika-and glasnost-induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR.

Jordan was ruled under martial law throughout most of the Cold War period, particularly starting in 1967 when tensions between the Hashemites and the Palestinian majority eventually led to a bloody civil war in 1970.

During the Cold War, standard signals were used throughout the country for civil defense purposes, referred to as " alert " and " attack.

" As the Cold War intensified, the ISFI's 1951 World Congress adopted theses by Michel Pablo that anticipated an international civil war.

In 2000 a new Article 99a was inserted, that law has to regulate civil defence ; the older legal system regulating this issue had been largely abolished since the end of the Cold War.

The end of the Cold War also allowed the agency ’ s resources to be turned away from civil defense to natural disaster preparedness.

Other civil defence centres in London are wholly or partly underground, mostly as a legacy of the Cold War.

In some cases, superpowers would superimpose Cold War ideology onto local conflicts, while in others local actors using Cold War ideology would attract the attention of a superpower to obtain support.

Category: Cold War conflicts

At the same time, the agreement recognized Finland's desire to remain outside great power conflicts, allowing the country to adopt a policy of neutrality during the Cold War.

It saw a significant role throughout the Cold War era conflicts and in the recent Gulf Wars.

Category: Cold War conflicts

Virginia was a focal point in conflicts from the French and Indian War, the American Revolution and the Civil War, to the Cold War and the War on Terrorism.

The Human Security Report 2005 documented a significant decline in the number and severity of armed conflicts since the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s.

Category: Cold War conflicts

* Cold War conflicts involving the influence of the rival superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States

The primary application of this doctrine started during the Cold War ( 1940s to 1990s ) in which MAD was seen as helping to prevent any direct full-scale conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union while they engaged in smaller proxy wars around the world.

Intellectual debate has also focused around the issue of whether ethnic conflict has become more prevalent since the end of the Cold War, and on devising ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as consociationalism and federalisation.

The end of the Cold War thus sparked interest in two important questions about ethnic conflict: was ethnic conflict on the rise ; and given that some ethnic conflicts had escalated into serious violence, what, if anything, could scholars of large-scale violence ( security studies, strategic studies, interstate politics ) offer by way of explanation?

At the end of the Cold War, academics including Samuel P. Huntington and Robert D. Kaplan predicted a proliferation of conflicts fuelled by civilisational clashes, tribalism, resource scarcity and overpopulation.

However, some theorists contend that this does not represent a rise in the incidence of ethnic conflict, since many of the proxy wars fought during the Cold War were in fact ethnic conflicts masked as hot spots of the Cold War.

Others have attempted to test the clash of civilisations thesis, finding it to be difficult to operationalise and that civilisational conflicts have not risen in intensity in relation to other ethnic conflicts since the end of the Cold War.

Since the end of the Cold War, Norway has developed a model to foreign policy known as the " Norwegian model ," the goal of which is to contribute to peace and stability through coordinated response among governmental and non-governmental Norwegian organizations ; acting as an honest broker in international conflicts ; an informal network of Norwegian individuals with access and credibility among parties ; and the willingness to take the long view in international issues.

" The Cold War was World War III, which reminds us that not all global conflicts entail the movement of multi-million-man armies, or conventional front lines on a map.

Of all these various schemes, only LeMay's command structure of SAC survived complete reorganization in the changing reality of Cold War-era conflicts.

Although hostility between the two countries remains largely a product of Cold War politics, there were earlier conflicts and animosity between the U. S. and Korea.

As the Cold War escalated, AFSC was involved in relief and service efforts, often supporting civilians on both sides of conflicts around the world including the Korean War, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the Algerian War, and the Nigerian-Biafran War.

Although the role of the ground attack aircraft significantly diminished after the Korean War, it re-emerged during the Vietnam War, and in the recognition of this, the US Air Force authorised the design and production of what was later to become the A-10 dedicated anti-armour and ground-attack aircraft of the Cold War.

Cricket in Emsworth has been played at the same ground, Cold Harbour Lawn since 1761.

In his book The Cold War Gaddis argues that, in their use of the phrase " evil empire ," Reagan and his anti-Communist political allies were effective in breaking the détente tradition, thus laying the ground for the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union.

Author Truman Capote wrote a ground breaking book In Cold Blood about the murder.

Offutt AFB's legacy includes the construction of the first two bombers to drop atomic bombs and over 40 years as the headquarters for the former Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) and home for its associated ground and aerial command centers for the U. S. in case of nuclear war during the Cold War.

The operation became the most intense air / ground battle waged during the Cold War period ; indeed, it was the most difficult such campaign fought by the U. S. Air Force since the aerial bombardment of Germany during World War II.

As Savimbi gained ground despite the forces aligned against him, American conservatives pointed to his success, and that of Afghan mujahideen, both of which, with U. S. support, were successfully opposing Soviet-sponsored governments, as evidence that the U. S. was beginning to gain an upper hand in the Cold War conflict and that the Reagan Doctrine was working.

This changed with the new Cold War that quickly followed the end of hostilities in 1945, in the face of which Franco's strong anti-communism naturally tilted its régime to ally with the United States, and provided ideal ground for the continuation of Franco's anti-communist regime.

* Cold frames: Transparent-roofed enclosure, built low to the ground, used to protect plants from cold weather.

The concept of a major tank battle along the Fulda Gap was a predominant element of NATO war planning during the Cold War, and weapons such as the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter and A-10 ground attack aircraft were developed with such an eventuality in mind.

In World War II and the Cold War, it became a major administrative and manufacturing centre for the Ministry of Defence, with numerous establishments both above ground and in the old quarry tunnels.

There are a variety of routes directly to the summit: most people climb the fell from Great Langdale and usually together with all or some of the adjoining fells of Bowfell, Pike of Blisco, Rossett Pike and Cold Pike to make a high level ridge walk which encompasses the whole of the high ground at the head of Great Langdale.

The Acland Hall and recreational ground is also in Cold Ash.

The conflict between Islamic nations in the East Mediterranean region and Israel in particular would serve to become a testing ground for development in armoured warfare during the decades of the Cold War.

During the Cold War, NATO assumed armoured warfare to be a dominant aspect of conventional ground warfare in Europe.

Cold weather (- 40F /- 40C on the ground at Eielson AFB ) adversely affected the planes involved in this exercise, and some minor difficulties with 44-92075 were noted before takeoff.

OTH radars have recently been making something of a comeback, as the need for accurate long-range tracking becomes less important with the ending of the Cold War, and less-expensive ground based radars are once again being looked at for roles such as maritime reconnaissance and drug enforcement.

Cold techno sound meets deep voice ( vocalist Gary Wagner even sings as guest on other artist's records, as on " Take Some More " by And One ) form a perfect ground for the cyber-themed lyrics about life in the machine age.

Equipment for the construction of a CAA-DLA ( Civil Aeronautics Authority-Defense Land Appropriation ) airfield at McGrath, on the mainland, arrived too late to begin construction of the field, since the ground already had frozen up, and General Buckner requested and received permission to divert the equipment and men to Cold Bay on the Alaskan Peninsula and Otter Point on Umnak Island, to build 2 airfields for the defense of the Naval Base at Dutch Harbor.