So disturbed was Lenin spent much of 1908 combing more than 200 books to pen a thick polemical volume in reply — Materialism and Empirio-Criticism: Critical Comments on a Reactionary Philosophy.

These never ceased to suggest that if, in the eyes of Marx and Lenin `` full communism '' was still a very distant ideal, the establishment of a Communist society had now, under Khrushchev, become an `` immediate and tangible reality ''.

The founder of Russian Marxism, Georgy Plekhanov, who was at first allied with Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, parted ways with them by 1904.

He remained a self-described " non-factional social democrat " until August 1917 when he joined Lenin and the Bolsheviks as their positions assembled and he came to believe that Lenin was right on the issue of the party.

However this was not accepted and Lenin tried to expel him from the Bolshevik faction.

Lenin was firmly opposed to any re-unification, but was outvoted within the Bolshevik leadership.

It was created on December 20, 1917, after a decree issued by Vladimir Lenin, and was subsequently led by aristocrat-turned-communist Felix Dzerzhinsky.

At Moscow, Sun Yat-sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls ; and, in the Soviet May Day Parades that year, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and other socialist leaders.

At the founding congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( the predecessor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ) Vladimir Lenin was able to gain enough support for the establishment of an all-powerful central organ at the next congress.

Lenin was able to persuade the Central Committee, after a long and heated discussion, to initiate the October Revolution.

The majority of the members had been skeptical of initiating the revolution so early, and it was Lenin who was able to persuade them.

The Central Committee, according to Lenin, was to be the supreme authority of the party.

Criticism of other officials was allowed during these meetings, for instance, Karl Radek said to Lenin ( criticising his position of supporting peace with the Germans ), " If there were five hundred courageous men in Petrograd, we would put you in prison.

" The decision to negotiate peace with the Germans was only reached when Lenin threatened to resign, which in turn led to a temporary coalition between Lenin's supporters and those of Trotsky and others.

At the 9th Party Congress the Democratic Centralists, an opposition faction within the party, accused Lenin and his associates, of creating a Central Committee in which a " small handful of party oligarchs ... was banning those who hold deviant views.

Lenin did state that factionalism was allowed, but only allowed before and during Party Congresses when the different sides needed to win votes.

The 11th Party Congress would prove to be the last congress chaired by Lenin, he suffered one stroke in May 1922, was paralysed by a second in December later that year, was removed from public life in March 1923 and died on 21 January 1924.

When Lenin died, the Soviet leadership was uncertain how the building of the new, socialist society should proceed.

Under Lenin the party ruled through the government, for instance, the only political office held by Lenin was Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, but following Lenin's health the party took control of government activities.

Conquest argued that Stalinism was a natural consequence of the system established by Lenin, although he conceded that the personal character traits of Stalin had brought about the particular horrors of the late 1930s.

The system had many faults, and opposition to Lenin and what many saw as his excessive centralisation policies came to the leadership's attention during the 8th Party Congress ( March 1919 ) and the 9th Party Congress ( March 1920 ).

The term has come to be used figuratively to refer to the elevation of a dead leader ( often one who was assassinated and / or martyred ) to a kind of superhuman charismatic figure and an effective erasing of all faults and controversies which were connected with his name in life-for example, Abraham Lincoln in the US, Lenin in USSR, Yitzchak Rabin in Israel, or Kim Jong-il of North Korea.

Neither Lenin nor Martov had a firm majority throughout the Congress as delegates left or switched sides.

During the heated debates in the Central Committee about a possible peace with the Germans, Lenin did not have a majority ; both Trotsky and Nikolai Bukharin had more support for their own position than Lenin.

Some supported extending the NEP, as Lenin had suggested late in his life, or ending it and replacing it with a planned economy, a position Lenin held when he initiated NEP.

" Trotsky did face a problem however: he had previously disagreed with Lenin on several matters.

Stalin had managed to turn Lenin's hierarchical model on its head ; under Lenin the Party Congress and the Central Committee were the highest decision-making organs, under Stalin the Politburo, Secretariat and the Orgburo became the most important decision-making bodies.

Lenin regretted that Mussolini had abandoned Marxism and had become an anti-communist, as Lenin believed that Mussolini had once been the best public figure of Marxism in Italy, and blamed the Italian Socialist Party for having " lost " Mussolini.

In Russia the Social Democrats ' plan had the backing of Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Bolsheviks, who in July 1917 were plotting a revolt against the Russian Provisional Government, which was opposed the Power Act, as it would reduce the power of the Russian administration in the country.

To that end, they had arranged for the safe conduct of Lenin and his comrades from exile in Switzerland to Petrograd in April 1917, and financed the Bolshevik party, believing Lenin to be the most powerful weapon they could use against Russia.

In the end, the economic and political investments that Germany had made in Russian communist leader Vladimir Lenin had paid off.

The Russian armies were separated, defeated and pushed back, which forced Lenin and the Soviet leadership to abandon for the time being their strategic objective of linking up with the German and other European revolution-minded comrades ( Lenin's hope of generating support for the Red Army in Poland had already failed to materialize ).

After the outbreak of World War I Radek moved to Switzerland where he worked as a liaison between Lenin and the Bremen Left, with which he had close links from his time in Germany, introducing him to Paul Levi at this time.

Trotsky later maintained that he had been wrong in opposing Lenin on the issue of the party.

The most serious disagreement that Trotsky and the Mensheviks had with Lenin at the time was over the issue of " expropriations ", i. e., armed robberies of banks and other companies by Bolshevik groups to procure money for the Party, which had been banned by the 5th Congress, but continued by the Bolsheviks.

By the end of 1917, Trotsky was unquestionably the second man in the Bolshevik Party after Lenin, overshadowing the ambitious Zinoviev, who had been Lenin's top lieutenant over the previous decade, but whose star appeared to be fading.

Modern perception of war are based on the concepts Clausewitz put forth in On War, though these have been very diversely interpreted by various leaders ( e. g., Moltke, Vladimir Lenin, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mao Zedong, etc.

The NEP had been implemented by Lenin in order to ensure the survival of the Communist state following seven years of war ( 1914 – 1921, World War I from 1914 to 1917, and the subsequent Civil War ) and had rebuilt Soviet production to its 1913 levels.

Therefore it is wrong to claim, as the official Soviet historians later did, that Dzerzhinsky had been one of Lenin's oldest and most reliable comrades, or that Lenin had exercised some sort of spellbinding influence on Dzerzhinsky and the SDKPiL.

This was the position, contrary to that of " Classical Marxism " which by that time had been further illuminated by active life, shared by Trotsky and Lenin and the Bolsheviks until 1924 when Joseph Stalin, who along with Kamenev in February 1917 had taken the Menshevik position of first the bourgeois revolution, only to be confronted by Lenin and his famous April Thesis on Lenin's return to Russia, after the death of Lenin and seeking to consolidate his growing bureaucratic control of the Bolshevik Party began to put forward the slogan of " Socialism in one country ".

Maxim Gorky and others appealed for leniency, but by the time Vladimir Lenin agreed to several pardons, the condemned had been shot.

Gorky hurried to Moscow, obtained an order to release Gumilyov from Lenin personally, but upon his return to Petrograd he found out that Gumilev had already been shot.

This anti-Semitic standpoint concerning the bible can be traced back to the earliest time of the Nazi movement, e. g. Dietrich Eckart's ( Hitler's early mentor ) book " Bolshevism from Moses to Lenin: A Dialogue Between Adolf Hitler and Me ", where it was claimed that " Jewish forgeries " had been added to the New Testament.

A group of Jewish men were forced by the Nazis to demolish a statue of Lenin that had been put up earlier by the Soviets ( as in Kolno ), and then carry it out of town while singing Soviet songs.

Exhumations led to the discovery not only of the charred bodies of the victims in two mass graves, but also of the bust of Lenin ( previously assumed to be buried at a Jewish cemetery ) as well as bullets that according to a 2000 statement by Leon Kieres, the chief of the IPN, could have been fired from 1941 Walther P38 type pistols.

In 1921, Lenin had persuaded the 10th Party Congress to approve the NEP as a replacement for the War Communism that had been set up during the Russian Civil War.

The enterprise has been awarded with 4 Orders of Lenin, Order of the October Revolution and Russian Federation President's Message of Thanks.

On the other hand, Vladimir Lenin is quoted to have said " The NEP is in earnest and long-term " ( НЭП — это всерьез и надолго ), which has been used to surmise that if Lenin were to stay alive longer, NEP would have continued beyond 1929.

Lenin had also been known to say about NEP: " We are taking one step backward to later take two steps forward ", suggesting that, though the NEP pointed to another direction, it would provide the economic conditions necessary for socialism eventually to evolve.

Kerensky released Bolsheviks who had been arrested a few months earlier, when Vladimir Lenin had tried to take power in the July Days, and his plea to the Petrograd Soviet for support had resulted the rearmament of the Bolshevik Military Organization and the release of Bolshevik political prisoners, including Leon Trotsky.