The term is used in various ways: to refer to a particular aspect of an individual, or the individual in their entirety ; to a scholar in many subjects ( e. g. Isaac Newton or Leonardo da Vinci ) or a scholar in a single subject ( e. g., Albert Einstein or Stephen Hawking ).

Sir John Tenniel is also the author of one of the mosaics, Leonardo da Vinci, in the South Court in the Victoria and Albert Museum ; while his highly stippled watercolour drawings appeared from time to time in the exhibitions of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, of which he had been elected a member in 1874.

The painting was eventually finished ; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished, one which remained at the chapel of the Confraternity and the other which Leonardo carried away to France.

Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli ( sometimes Paccioli or Paciolo ; 1445 – 1517 ) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and seminal contributor to the field now known as accounting.

From left to right: Top row-Archimedes, Aristotle, Alhazen | Ibn al-Haytham, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ; Second row-Isaac Newton, James Hutton, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel ; Third row-Louis Pasteur, James Clerk Maxwell, Henri Poincaré, Sigmund Freud, Nikola Tesla, Max Planck ; Fourth row-Ernest Rutherford, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Enrico Fermi ; Bottom row-J. Robert Oppenheimer, Alan Turing, Richard Feynman, E. O. Wilson, Jane Goodall, Stephen Hawking

* Leonardo Fibonacci writes Liber Abaci, about the modus Indorum, the numbering method of India ; it is the first major work in Europe toward moving away from the use of Roman numerals.

Its potential as a drawing aid may have been familiar to artists by as early as the 15th century ; Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 – 1519 AD ) described the camera obscura in Codex Atlanticus.

Francis patronized many great artists of his time, including Andrea del Sarto and Leonardo da Vinci ; the latter was persuaded to make France his home during his last years.

" In his notebooks Leonardo da Vinci wrote of the Siren, " The siren sings so sweetly that she lulls the mariners to sleep ; then she climbs upon the ships and kills the sleeping mariners.

Sometimes credited with the greatest development in parachutes since Leonardo da Vinci, the American Domina Jalbert invented the Parafoil which had sectioned cells in an aerofoil shape ; an open leading edge and a closed trailing edge, inflated by passage through the air – the ram-air design.

1520, by Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli, called Giampietrino ( active 1508-1549 ), after Leonardo da Vinci, oil on canvas, currently in the collection of The Royal Academy of Arts, London ; an accurate, full-scale copy that was the main source for the twenty-year restoration of the original ( 1978-1998 ).

The Monk liked to meddle in history and to change it for his own amusement and for what he considered to be the better: lending mechanical assistance to the builders of Stonehenge ; giving Leonardo da Vinci tips on aircraft design ; making money by using time travel to exploit compound interest ; and, when the Doctor first encountered him, attempting to prevent the Norman Conquest as part of a plan to guide England into an early age of technological prosperity.

Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually mastered colour theory, and wrote extensively about it ; his lectures Writings on Form and Design Theory ( Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ), published in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are considered so important for modern art that they are compared to the importance that Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting had for Renaissance.

Chevreul worked as the director of the dye works at Les Gobelins tapestry works in Paris, where he noticed that the perceived colour of a particular thread was influenced by its surrounding threads, a phenomenon he called “ simultaneous contrast .” Chevreul ’ s work was a continuation of theories of colour elaborated by Leonardo da Vinci and Goethe ; in turn, his work influenced painters including Eugène Delacroix and Georges-Pierre Seurat.

They represent him further as having made in Venetian painting an advance analogous to that made in Tuscan painting by Leonardo more than twenty years before ; that is, as having released the art from the last shackles of archaic rigidity and placed it in possession of full freedom and the full mastery of its means.

Troisi starred opposite Roberto Benigni in Non ci resta che piangere ( 1985 ), in which they play two friends who are accidentally transported back in time to the 15th century ; there they meet Leonardo da Vinci and, upon realising which age they are in, travel to Spain to try to stop Christopher Columbus from discovering the Americas.

* Christie's has auctioned artwork and personal possessions linked to historical figures such as Pablo Picasso ; Rembrandt ; Diana, Princess of Wales ; Leonardo da Vinci ; Vincent van Gogh ; Napoleon Bonaparte ; Marilyn Monroe ; and others.

Kerguelen Islands ( France ; also an EU Overseas territory ) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the Falkland Islands, Isla de los Estados, Hornos Island with Cape Horn, Diego Ramírez Islands, Campbell Island, Macquarie Island, Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, and Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha group remain north of the Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region.

The Brazilian foreign policy under the Lula da Silva administration had been focused on the following directives: to contribute toward the search for greater equilibrium and attenuate unilateralism ; to strengthen bilateral and multilateral relations in order to increase the country's weight in political and economic negotiations on an international level ; to deepen relations so as to benefit from greater economical, financial, technological and cultural interchange ; to avoid agreements that could jeopardize development in the long term.

Following the examples of Vitruvius and the five books of the Regole generali d ' architettura by Sebastiano Serlio, published from 1537 onwards, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola produced an architecture rule book that was more practical than the previous two books, which were more philosophical in nature, his Cinque ordini di erchitettura ( The Five Orders of Architecture ) from 1562 ; the book is considered " one of the most successful architectural textbooks ever written ", despite having no text apart from the notes and the introduction.

* Francisco Jacintho da Silveira ; 1978 – 1982

She was the daughter of Tommaso di Benvenuto da Pizzano ( Thomas de Pizan ; named for the family's origins in the town of Pizzano, south east of Bologna ), a physician, court astrologer, and Councillor of the Republic of Venice.

* Luciano Cordeiro, Diogo Cão in Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 1892 ;

Over the centuries, Europe continued to have two distinct types of fiddles: one, relatively square-shaped, held in the arms, became known as the lira da braccio ( arm viol ) family and evolved into the violin ; the other, with sloping shoulders and held between the knees, was the lira da gamba ( leg viol ) group.

During the Renaissance the gambas were important and elegant instruments ; they eventually lost ground to the louder ( and originally less aristocratic ) lira da braccio family.

The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries ; and thus there is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms ( for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ).

Mauritius claims the entire Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean ; claims the whole French-administered Tromelin Island, Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island

Other instruments associated with Paganini include the Antonio Amati 1600, the Nicolò Amati 1657, the Paganini-Desaint 1680 Stradivari, the Guarneri-filius Andrea 1706, the Le Brun 1712 Stradivari, the Vuillaume c. 1720 Bergonzi, the Hubay 1726 Stradivari, and the Comte Cozio di Salabue 1727 violins ; the Countess of Flanders 1582 da Salò-di Bertolotti, and the Mendelssohn 1731 Stradivari violas ; the Piatti 1700 Goffriller, the Stanlein 1707 Stradivari, and the Ladenburg 1736 Stradivari cellos ; and the Grobert of Mirecourt 1820 ( guitar ).

In the 20th century the traditions of Russian opera were developed by many composers including Sergei Rachmaninoff in his works The Miserly Knight and Francesca da Rimini, Igor Stravinsky in Le Rossignol, Mavra, Oedipus rex, and The Rake's Progress, Sergei Prokofiev in The Gambler, The Love for Three Oranges, The Fiery Angel, Betrothal in a Monastery, and War and Peace ; as well as Dmitri Shostakovich in The Nose and Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, Edison Denisov in L ' écume des jours, and Alfred Schnittke in Life with an Idiot and Historia von D. Johann Fausten.

* 1822 – In Parnaíba ; Simplício Dias da Silva, João Cândido de Deus e Silva and Domingos Dias declare the independent state of Piauí.

One theory breaks it down into an element meaning " husband " or " lord " ( Greek ( posis ), from PIE * pótis ) and another element meaning " earth " ( ( da ), Doric for ( gē )), producing something like lord or spouse of Da, i. e. of the earth ; this would link him with Demeter, " Earth-mother.

Petrarch's will ( dated April 4, 1370 ) leaves 50 florins to Boccaccio " to buy a warm winter dressing gown "; various legacies ( a horse, a silver cup, a lute, a Madonna ) to his brother and his friends ; his house in Vaucluse to its caretaker ; for his soul, and for the poor ; and the bulk of his estate to his son-in-law, Francescuolo da Brossano, who is to give half of it to " the person to whom, as he knows, I wish it to go "; presumably his daughter, Francesca, Brossano's wife.

Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man illustrates the ratios of the dimensions of the human body ; a human figure is often used to illustrate the scale of architectural or engineering drawings.

Vinci's opere buffe, of which Li zite ' ngalera ( 1722 ) is generally regarded as the best, are full of life and spirit ; his opere serie, of which Didone Abbandonata ( Rome, 1728 ) and Artaserse ( Rome, 1730 ) are the most notable, have an incisive vigour and directness of dramatic expression praised by Charles Burney.

* Leonardo da Vinci's portrait of St. Jerome in the Wilderness ;

Paolo Guidotti ( about 1590 ) already attempted to carry out Da Vinci's theories, ending by falling on a house roof and breaking his thigh bone ; but while Francis Godwin was writing his flying romance The Man in the Moone ", Fausto Veranzio is widely believed to have performed a parachute jumping experiment for real and, therefore, to be the first man to build and test a parachute: according to the story passed on, Veranzio, in 1617, now over sixty-five years old, implemented his design and tested the parachute by jumping from St Mark's Campanile in Venice.

Kane said his influences for the character included actor Douglas Fairbanks ' movie portrayal of the swashbuckler Zorro, Leonardo Da Vinci's diagram of the ornithopter, a flying machine with huge bat-like wings ; and the 1930 film The Bat Whispers, based on Mary Rinehart's mystery novel The Circular Staircase.

Braidwood also served as an assistant director on the show from seasons one through five ; was a second unit director on Millennium, another show from Chris Carter, the creator of The X-Files ; and a producer of the second season of the Canadian TV series Da Vinci's Inquest, on which he also directed some episodes.

* Da Vinci's Demons an upcoming historical dramatic fiction television series about Leonardo da Vinci's early life ; currently ( 2012 ) in production and due to premier in 2013 on the BBC and Starz channel.

; Trebuchet: Trebuchets were probably the most powerful catapult employed in the Middle Ages.

Some missiles may have additional propulsion from another source at launch ; for example the V1 was launched by a catapult and the MGM-51 was fired out of a tank gun ( using a smaller charge than would be used for a shell ).

Bryan's address helped catapult him to the Democratic Party's presidential nomination ; it is considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history.

A second attack destroys Mike's original catapult ; but the Loonies, and eventually Mannie alone, replace it with a second one, and continue to attack Earth until it concedes Luna's independence.

Tests both on the sea and in the air showed that Bolas had fully met the requirements and it was officially judged to be exceptionally good ; it was successfully launched by catapult from the ill-fated submarine M2 but the concept of submarine-carried aircraft died in the Royal Navy after the loss of the M2 which took one of the Petos with it.

On the second attempt the craft broke up as it left the catapult ( Hallion, 2003 ; Nalty, 2003 ).

Arrows, darts, spears, and similar weapons are fired using pure mechanical force applied by another object ; apart from throwing without tools, mechanisms include the catapult, slingshot, and bow.

* in the western part of the southern gallery, a military procession including both Khmers and Chams, elephants, war machines such as a large crossbow and a catapult ;

The aircraft is attached to the shuttle using a tow bar or launch bar mounted to the nose landing gear ( an older system used a steel cable called a catapult bridle ; the forward ramps on older carrier bows were used to catch these cables ), and is flung off the deck at about 15 knots above minimum flying speed, achieved by the catapult in a 4 second run.

* July 22 – Luft Hansa uses a catapult to launch a Heinkel He 12 mail plane from the passenger liner Bremen, 400 km ( 248 miles ; 216 nautical miles ) out of New York, New York, speeding the mail on its way before the ship reaches port.

They behave as normal stone throwers with one exception ; any unit taking a wound from the catapult must take a panic test.

Another idea Yokoi suggested was to use see-saws to catapult the hero across the screen ; this was too difficult to program.

The ramps at the catapult ends on some aircraft carriers are used to catch the ropes so they can be reused ; bridles have not been used on U. S. aircraft since the end of the Cold War, and all U. S. Navy carriers commissioned since then have not had the ramps.

Subsequently many RN ships carried a catapult and from one to four aircraft ; battleships or battlecruisers like the HMS Prince of Wales carried four aircraft and HMS Rodney carried two, while smaller warships like the cruiser HMNZS Leander carried one.

Ader's proponents have claimed that the Wrights ' early airplanes required a catapult to take off ; however, the Wrights did not use a catapult for their first flights in 1903, though they did for many flights in 1904 and later.

Instead of playing with dolls, Pavlichenko wanted to hunt sparrows with a catapult ; she was better at it than most of the boys her age.

; That Dam Game: Based on a winning idea by Noah Wentworth for the Science and Maths competition, That Dam Game involves a farm boy picking up anything he can find to launch from a catapult, in order to push in a giant cork in a dam in order to stop the town being flooded, with scores based on how long the player lasts.

Starr wakes to find himself in a spacesuit on the surface of the asteroid ; whereupon Dingo straps him to a catapult and flings him into space.

* Flapjacks – A van-like vehicle with a catapult ; they were designed, but not produced in the toy-line.

Greer references the loss of women's freedom with the " sudden death of communism " ( 1989 ) as catapult for women the world over for a sudden transition into consumer Western society wherein there is little to no protection for mothers and the disabled ; here, there is no freedom to speak:

Even when this was accomplished, and the military engines of Dionysius ( among which the formidable catapult on this occasion made its appearance for the first time ) were brought up to the walls, the Motyans continued a desperate resistance ; and after the walls and towers were carried by the overwhelming forces of the enemy, still maintained the defence from street to street and from house to house.

* Yogi makes one more attempt to catapult out of the park, which is almost successful ; however, he floats down into a park maintenance truck that returns to the park.