Until the early 20th century, formal writing and even much poetry and fiction was done in Literary Chinese, which was modelled on the classics of the Warring States period and Han Dynasty.

Over time, the various spoken varieties diverged greatly from Literary Chinese, which was learned and composed as a special language.

In the early years of the Republic of China, intellectuals of the New Culture Movement, such as Hu Shih and Chen Duxiu, successfully campaigned for the replacement of Literary Chinese as the written standard by written vernacular Chinese, which was based on northern dialects.

However, literary readings of the numbers are used in certain contexts such as reciting telephone numbers ( see Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters ).

Mao Tun and Modern Chinese Literary Criticism.

Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese ( 古文, gǔ wén,, " ancient text " or 文言文 wényán wén,, " text of written language ") is a traditional style of written Chinese based on the grammar and vocabulary of ancient Chinese, before the Mongol invasions of Japan ; it was written in Classical Chinese.

As himself, he has appeared in the documentary films Invitation to World Literature, Joe Papp in Five Acts, Long Story Short, Hollywood Chinese, Happy Birthday Oscar Wilde, Literary Visions, The Chinese Americans, and Maxine Hong Kingston: Talking Stories.

#" Artefact, Commodity, Fetish: The Aesthetic Turn in Chinese American Literary Study.

Literary sources upon Chinese alcoholic beverages refer to their existence back into the semi-historical times of Yu the Great.

Outside of China itself, these coincide with the area where Literary Chinese was at one time used as the written language, and influenced the development of a national written language based on the previously unwritten local non-Chinese language.

* Audio recordings from Key West Literary Seminar, 2003: Ashbery reading from Chinese Whispers ; Ashbery's ' mini-lecture ' on Elizabeth Bishop

* Zhao Yiguang ( traditional Chinese: 趙宧光 ), Literary figure and author during Ming dynasty, relative of Zhao Mengfu, descendant of Song Imperial Family

* Das Lied von der Erde: The Literary Changes – synopsis of original Chinese poems, Bethge's translations and Mahler's changes

), Literary Aesthetics: A Reader.

* Ohio University Spring Literary Festival ( Honoree ), 1995

However, in adherence to the ideas of Arab Nationalism, the Arab countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic which is common to all of them, conduct much of their political, cultural and religious life in it ( adherence to Islam ), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur ' an.

* Kramer, Samuel Noah ( 1998 ), Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B. C.

* Apart from his treatises on the arts, Alberti also wrote: Philodoxus (" Lover of Glory ", 1424 ), De commodis litterarum atque incommodis (" On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Literary Studies ", 1429 ), Intercoenales (" Table Talk ", c. 1429 ), Della famiglia (" On the Family ", begun 1432 ) Vita S. Potiti (" Life of St. Potitus ", 1433 ), De iure ( On Law, 1437 ), Theogenius (" The Origin of the Gods ", c. 1440 ), Profugorium ab aerumna (" Refuge from Mental Anguish ",), Momus ( 1450 ) and De Iciarchia (" On the Prince ", 1468 ). These and other works were translated and printed in Venice by the humanist Cosimo Bartoli in 1586.

), Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890 – 1930 ( Penguin " Penguin Literary Criticism " series, 1978, ISBN 0-14-013832-3 ).

The latest reconstruction, by M. L. West, appeared in the Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 151 ( 2005 ), 1-9, and in the Times Literary Supplement on 21 June 2005 ( English translation and discussion ).

Initially six committees were established: on Thought-Transference, Mesmerism and similar phenomena, Mediumship, Reichenbach Phenomena ( Odic Force ), Apparitions and Haunted Houses, physical phenomena associated with séances, and the Literary Committee which studied the history of these phenomena.

* Literary Machines: The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow's intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom ( 1981 ), Mindful Press, Sausalito, California ; publication dates as listed in the 93. 1 ( 1993 ) edition: 1980 – 84, 1987, 1990 – 93

In the science fiction anthology Far Boundaries ( 1951 ), the editor August Derleth identifies the short story " Missing One's Coach: An Anachronism ", written for the Dublin Literary Magazine by an anonymous author in 1838, as a very early time travel story.

Winner, 2007 Governor General's Literary Award for Nonfiction ; Nominee ( Nonfiction ), National Book Critics Circle Award 2007.

* Rosenbaum, S. P ( ed ), A Bloomsbury Group Reader ( 1993 ); ( ed ), The Bloomsbury Group: A Collection of Memoirs and Commentary ( revised edition, 1995 ); " The Early Literary HIstory of the Bloomsbury Group: Victorian Bloomsbury ( 1987 ), Edwardian Bloomsbury ( 1994 ), Georgian Bloomsbury ( 2003 )

* Christopher Norris ( 2007 ), Fiction, Philosophy and Literary Theory: Will the Real Saul Kripke Please Stand Up?

He helped T. S. Eliot in a practical way, by persuading Harriet Shaw Weaver to appoint Eliot as his successor at The Egoist ( helped by Pound ), and later in 1919 with an introduction to the editor Bruce Richmond of the Times Literary Supplement, for which he reviewed French literature.

" in Mordechai Cogan and Dan ` el Kahn ( eds ), Treasures on Camels ' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph ' al ( Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008 ).

: The Definition and Distortion of Masculine Identity in Titus Andronicus, by Brecken Rose Hancock ; Early Modern Literary Studies, 10: 1 ( May 2004 ), 1 – 25.

International Association of Culinary Professionals ' Literary Food Writing Award for both The Cook and the Gardener and Cooking for Mr. Latte: A Food Lover's Courtship, with Recipes

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement Philip Stead was more generous to Dr. No, although he thought that Fleming was offering " too opulent a feast " with the book, although he manages to pull this off, where " a less accomplished writer, lacking Mr. Fleming's quick descriptive gift and his powers of making his characters talk with such lucid and natural style, would never have got away with this story.

* 2003 The Joy of Writing: A Guide for Writers Disguised as a Literary Memoir

* Vogel, Amber, ' Not Elizabeth to his Raleigh: Laura Riding, Robert Graves, and origins of The White Goddess, in Literary Couplings: Writing Couples, Collaborators, and the Construction of Authorship, ed.

* Provan, Iain W., " Ideologies, Literary and Critical Reflections on Recent Writing on the History of Israel ", Journal of Biblical Literature 114 / 4 ( 1995 ), p585-606.

* M. G. Sanchez, Anti-Spanish Sentiment in English Literary and Political Writing, 1553-1603 ( Phd Diss ; University of Leeds, 2004 )

The course has gone on to produce a number of distinguished authors, including Ian McEwan, Kazuo Ishiguro, Anne Enright, Tash Aw, Andrew Miller, Owen Sheers, Tracy Chevalier, Trezza Azzopardi, Panos Karnezis, and Suzannah Dunn. The German émigré novelist W. G. Sebald also taught in the School of Literature and Creative Writing, and founded the British Centre for Literary Translation, until his death in a car accident in 2001.

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement, Alexander Fiske-Harrison reviewed her final novel in 2000, Gemini, and through that her entire oeuvre of historical fiction: " Although Dunnett ’ s writing style is not the neutral prose of genre fiction and it can be opaque and hard to read, especially in the early works, at times, this works with the almost melodramatic content to produce a powerful, operatic mixture ...

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement, Phillip Stead thought that Fleming " continues uninhibitedly to deploy his story-telling talents within the limits of the Commander Bond formula.

* Saunders, Catherine E. Writing the Margins: Edith Wharton, Ellen Glasgow, and the Literary Tradition of the Ruined Woman.

* Jonathan Skolnik, " Writing Jewish History Between Gutzkow and Goethe: Auerbach's Spinoza " in Prooftexts: A Journal of Jewish Literary History ( 1999 )

" Revolution in Writing: British Literary Responses to the French Revolution.

* Ezell, Margaret J M. Writing Women's Literary History.

Understory is a magazine run by Creative Writing and Literary Arts graduate students, open for submissions from any UAA undergraduate student.

Art of Debate and Rhetoric ; Community Service ; Enlightenment, Romanticism and Realism ; Film Adaptations ; High School Literary Magazine ; Internship at the Preschool ; Mathematical Art ; Portuguese ; The Middle East ; Mock Trial ; Modern Social Thought ; Nietzsche ; Philosophical Problems ; Poetry Writing Workshop ; Shakespeare in the World ; Space Colonies ; Technology and Society ; True Stories ; and Yearbook.

He has also participated in several workshops including the Summer Literary Seminars, poetry work shop, in St. Petersburg, Russia ( 2007 ), and the Writing with Style, short fiction workshop, in Banff, Alberta ( 2007 ).

Writing for The Times Literary Supplement, Xan Fielding found the title of the book to be misleading, noting that apart from a very small win at the casinos of Las Vegas, " his personal experience of thrills seems to have been just as limited everywhere else on his itinerary.

* Leo Strauss, The Literary Character of the Guide for the Perplexed This essay has been printed in a number of volumes, including Buijs's volume ( above ) and as a chapter in Strauss's own " Persecution in the Art of Writing ".

Cargoes, which has won the Undergraduate Literary Prize for content by the Association of Writers and Writing Programs and The Album, which is offered as a more alternative campus periodical.

In July 2005, Cargoes was awarded the Undergraduate Literary Prize for content by the Association of Writers and Writing Programs ( AWP ).

Among the better known online literary magazines are Evergreen Review, World Literature Today, New World Writing, The Applicant, Lantern Journal, Drunken Boat, Blackbird, Painted Bride Quarterly, 3: AM Magazine, 20x20 magazine, The Barcelona Review, Eclectica Magazine, ĕm, Failbetter, Guernica Magazine, Identity Theory, Literary Mama, McSweeney's Internet Tendency, Monkeybicycle, Narrative Magazine, Sensitive Skin Magazine, Spike Magazine, StorySouth, The Washington Pastime, and Word Riot, Parabaas ( in Bengali ) but there are higher quality smaller markets like Literarily, Unlikely Stories, Pank, Fleeting, La Petite Zine, Fringe and Cha and literally thousands of online literary publications so it is difficult to judge the quality and overall impact of this relatively new publishing medium.

It was shortlisted for many awards in the UK and Australia, among them the Age Book of the Year Awards, the Queensland Premier ’ s Literary Awards, the Guardian First Book Award 2003, the South Australian Festival Awards for Literature ( Innovation in Writing ) 2004, the Index Freedom of Expression Awards 2004, and the W. H.

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement, Simon Gray, unimpressed with the novel, called the Bond in Colonel Sun " a chuckle-headed imposter whose arthritic thought processes would be a liability in a ' physical tussle ' down at the pub.