In Lochner v. New York, justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., arguing in dissent of the court's verdict that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution required state legislation to respect an individual's liberty of contract, famously wrote: " The Fourteenth Amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics.

In practice sessions before the trip, Kennedy had run through a number of sentences, even paragraphs, to recite in German ; in these sessions, he was helped by Margaret Plischke, a translator working for the US State Department ; by Ted Sorensen, Kennedy's counsel and habitual speechwriter ; and by an interpreter, Robert Lochner, who had grown up in Berlin.

* 21-Robert H. Lochner, 84, John F. Kennedy's interpreter.

Lochner also was head of the Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor ( RIAS, ), a radio station supported by the US government in West Berlin during Kennedy's visit to West Germany.

Kennedy was accompanied not by Robert Lochner, but by Heinz Weber of the Berlin mission ; Weber translated the president's speech to the audience.

Robert H. Lochner ( October 20, 1918-September 21, 2003 ) was a journalist who helped to revive the free media in West Germany after World War II and who is most well known for assisting John F. Kennedy with his famous " Ich bin ein Berliner " speech in 1963.

During the quarter-century that followed Lochner, the Supreme Court also began to use the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to protect personal ( as opposed to purely property ) rights, including freedom of speech and the right to send one's child to private school ( which was the beginning of the line of cases which found a right to privacy in the Constitution ).

According to Louis P. Lochner, while stationed in Berlin he received a copy of a speech by Hitler from his " informant ", which he published ( in English translation ) in his book What About Germany?

Harlan further cited the landmark decision in Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) in which the Court had struck down state regulation which was found to infringe on the laborers ' " liberty of contract ".

The Court did not overrule Lochner, but instead distinguished it on the basis of " the difference between the sexes.

In Lochner v. New York, conservative justices of the United States Supreme Court could find inspiration in Spencer's writings for striking down a New York law limiting the number of hours a baker could work during the week, on the ground that this law restricted liberty of contract.

Born in New York on October 20, 1918, Lochner grew up in Berlin.

The doctrine of freedom of contract received one of its strongest expressions in the US Supreme Court case of Lochner v New York which struck down legal restrictions on the working hours of bakers.

From this point on, the Lochner view of freedom of contract has been rejected by US courts.

In 1899, Joseph Lochner, owner of Lochner's Home Bakery in Utica, was indicted on a charge that he violated the Section 110 of Article 8, Chapter 415, of the Laws of 1897, in that he wrongfully and unlawfully permitted an employee working for him to work more than sixty hours in one week.

A line of cases dating back to the 1923 opinion by Justice McReynolds in Meyer v. Nebraska ( citing Lochner as establishing limits on the police power ) has established a privacy right under substantive due process.

* Lochner, P. & Burger, J., " The Influence of Reflections on Auditorium Acoustics ", Sound and Vibration, volume 4, pp. 426 – 54 ( 196 ).

He was also the founder of the movement for " sociological jurisprudence ," an influential critic of the U. S. Supreme Court's " liberty of contract " ( freedom of contract ) line of cases, symbolized by Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ), and one of the early leaders of the movement for American Legal Realism, which argued for a more pragmatic and public-interested interpretation of law and a focus on how the legal process actually occurred, as opposed to the arid legal formalism which prevailed in American jurisprudence at the time.

'” For a later decision on impairment of contracts, compare Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45 ( 1905 ).

Peckham's most notorious opinion was in Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ), in which the Court invalidated a limitation on bakers ' working hours to sixty per week as being contrary to the individual right to freely contract, and as being unnecessary to protect health or safety.

The Lochner era is a period in American legal history in which the Supreme Court of the United States tended to strike down laws held to be infringing on economic liberty or private contract rights, and takes its name from a 1905 case, Lochner v. New York.

The constitutional jurisprudence of the Lochner era is marked by the use of substantive due process to invalidate legislation held to infringe on economic liberties, particularly the freedom of contract.

In the era's namesake case of Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ), the Court struck down a New York State law limiting the number of hours bakers could work on the grounds that it violated the bakers ' " right to contract ".

Cushman contends, then, that the true cause for the demise of the Lochner era was not short-term political considerations by the Court, but an evolving judicial perspective on the validity of governmental regulation.

Richard A. Epstein has contested the widespread allegation of judicial activism, stating that " he conceptual defense of the Lochner era is much stronger on structural grounds than its manifold critics commonly suppose.

Louis Ferdinand was on friendly terms with the Pulitzer Prize winning American journalist Louis P. Lochner.

There are no paintings signed by Lochner, but Albrecht Dürer recorded seeing an altarpiece by " Maister Steffan " on a visit to Cologne in 1520.

David Bernstein is an expert on the Lochner era of American constitutional jurisprudence.

Bernstein's work on Lochner is notable because unlike most other Lochner revisionists, he argues that the Supreme Court's liberty of contract jurisprudence was primarily rights-based, rather than resulting from concerns over " class legislation ".

His work is unique in that it often focuses on how the due process decisions of the " Lochner era " affected the rights and prospects of disenfranchised immigrants, women, and African Americans.

Robert Lochner claimed in his memoirs that Kennedy had asked him for a translation of " I am a Berliner ", and that they practiced the phrase in Brandt's office.

: Among many others the Pinakothek shows works of Stefan Lochner (" Adoration of the Christ Child by the Virgin ( The Nativity )"), Albrecht Dürer (" The Four Apostles ", " Paumgartner Altar ", " Self-portrait in Fur Coat "), Hans Baldung Grien (" Markgrave Christoph of Baden "), Albrecht Altdorfer (" The Battle of Issus "), Cranach (" Lamentation Beneath the Cross "), Holbein (" St. Sebastian Altar ; Central panel: Martyrdom of St. Sebastian "), Matthias Grünewald (" SS.

In Cushman's view, the laissez-faire constitutionalism that had been the distinctive feature of the Lochner era eroded after World War I as high unemployment made the regulation of labor relations an increasingly pressing concern.

" Citing Lochner v. New York, the controversial decision of 1905 upholding freedom of contract, Pound assailed the Supreme Court for giving " us rules which, when applied to the existing commercial and industrial situation, are wholly inadequate.

Non-relatives attending the funeral included three communist associates of Marx: Friedrich Lessner, imprisoned for three years after the Cologne communist trial of 1852 ; G. Lochner, whom Engels described as " an old member of the Communist League "; and Carl Schorlemmer, a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the Royal Society, and a communist activist involved in the 1848 Baden revolution.

* Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45 ( 1905 ), a notorious, and now defunct case by the US Supreme Court that regulation of working time ( for bakeries ) to limit workers to a 10-hour day.

Writing for the majority, Justice Rehnquist rejected the appellants argument for the common law's protection of property against trespass, writing that such an interpretation would " represent a return to the era of Lochner v. New York,, when common-law rights were also found immune from revision ... would freeze the common law as it has been constructed by courts, perhaps at its 19th-century state of development.

Thus, the Court struck down a law decreeing maximum hours for workers in a bakery in Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) and struck down a minimum wage law in Adkins v. Children's Hospital ( 1923 ).

In 1993 Brian Corntassel and Tony Leonard of HW Lochner Inc, Chicago Civil Engineers proposed the Juneau Access Project through the Taku River valley into Canada and from Juneau up the West Lynn canal Juneau to Haines, Haines to Skagway and Taku River route Juneau to Atlin BC with 13 Ferry Transportation, 94 bridges and 17 Glacierial Tunnels for ADOT & PF.

* Obituary for Robert Lochner ( from the Boston Globe )

" Lochner is sometimes used as shorthand for extreme right wing constitutional theory.

Due partly to a brief by future U. S. Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis, the U. S. Supreme Court upheld the Oregon law in Muller v. Oregon, 208 U. S. 412 ( 1908 ) despite ruling in 1905 in Lochner v. New York that a maximum hour law for bakers was unconstitutional.

While McKenna was generally quite favorable to federal power, he joined the Court's substantive due process jurisprudence and voted with the majority in 1905's Lochner v. New York, which struck down a state maximum-hours law for bakery workers, This decision carried broader implications for the scope of federal power, at least until the New Deal and the 1937 switch-in-time-that-saved-nine.

Beyond Lochner, Peckham is perhaps best known for his expansive interpretation of the Sherman antitrust law, which he saw as protecting sturdy small businessmen against unfair corporate competition.

James Firman Daly ( October 23, 1918-July 3, 1978 ) was an American theater, film and television actor, who is perhaps best known for his role as Dr. Paul Lochner in the hospital drama series Medical Center, in which he played Chad Everett's superior.

Although developed independently, Unix pipes are similar to, and were preceded by, the ' communication files ' developed by Ken Lochner in the 1960s for the Dartmouth Time Sharing System.

Justice Owen Roberts ' vote in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish has been described as the harbinger of the end for the Lochner era.