Today, " minor tranquilizer " can refer to anxiolytic and / or hypnotic drugs such as the benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines which have some antipsychotic properties and are recommended for concurrent use with antipsychotics, and are useful for insomnia or drug-induced psychosis.

Because of the medical problems that can be caused by withdrawal, alcohol detoxification is carefully controlled and may involve medications such as benzodiazepines such as diazepam ( Valium ).

As with similar substances with a sedative-hypnotic mechanism, such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines, withdrawal from alcohol dependence can be fatal if it is not properly managed.

In general, benzodiazepines are safe and effective in the short term, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur.

For many such patients stable doses of benzodiazepines retain their efficacy over several years.

If used in pregnancy, those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record, such as diazepam or chlordiazepoxide, are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam or triazolam.

Short to intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred in the elderly such as oxazepam and temazepam.

Nonbenzodiazepines such as zaleplon and zolpidem and low doses of sedating antidepressants are sometimes used as alternatives to benzodiazepines.

* withdrawal from drugs ( anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and sedatives such as alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines ,)

The effectiveness of pharmacological agents, such as benzodiazepines, anti-convulsants, anti-depressants, antipsychotic and antihypertensive medications, and dopamine antagonists in the treatment of stuttering has been evaluated in studies involving both adults and children.

Sedatives or hypnotics that alter higher cognitive function include ethanol, scopolamine, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, potent short or intermediate acting hypnotic benzodiazepines such as midazolam, flunitrazepam, temazepam, and various short and ultra-short acting barbiturates including sodium thiopental ( commonly known as sodium pentothal ) and amobarbital ( sodium amytal ) ( see figure at right ).

Because the compounds in valerian produce central nervous system depression, they should not be used with other depressants, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opiates, or antihistamine drugs.

Treatment may include one or more of the following: physical therapy ; occupational therapy ; speech therapy ; drugs to control seizures, alleviate pain, or relax muscle spasms ( e. g. benzodiazepines, baclofen and intrathecal phenol / baclofen ); hyperbaric oxygen ; the use of Botox to relax contracting muscles ; surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or release tight muscles ; braces and other orthotic devices ; rolling walkers ; and communication aids such as computers with attached voice synthesizers.

* Withdrawal from depressant drugs such as opioids and benzodiazepines.

Certain classes of sedatives such as benzodiazepines and newer nonbenzodiazepine drugs can also cause physical dependence, which manifests in withdrawal symptoms if the drug is not carefully tapered down.

Hypnotic benzodiazepines include drugs such as temazepam, flunitrazepam, triazolam, flurazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, and quazepam.

It should be noted again for beneficiaries who are dual-eligible ( Medicare and Medicaid eligible ) Medicaid may pay for drugs not covered by part D of Medicare, such as benzodiazepines, and other restricted controlled substances.

Diazepam is the most frequently used sedative for such treatment, but other benzodiazepines such as lorazepam are also effective.

Delirium may be caused by a disease process outside the brain that affects the brain, such as infection ( urinary tract infection, pneumonia ) or drug effects, particularly anticholinergics or other CNS depressants ( benzodiazepines and opioids ).

Benzodiazepines, including diazepam, nitrazepam, and flunitrazepam, account for the largest volume of forged drug prescriptions in Sweden, a total of 52 % of drug forgeries being for benzodiazepines.

** tranquilizers / hypnotics – especially benzodiazepines such as temazepam ( Restoril ) or nitrazepam ( Mogadon ), and barbiturates, such as amobarbital ( Amytal ) or secobarbital ( Seconal )

Nitrazepam also has the drawback of significant side effects such as sedation, which is why nitrazepam and benzodiazepines in general are only prescribed in the acute management of epilepsies.

However, as with other epilepsies treated with benzodiazepines, long term therapy becomes ineffective with prolonged therapy and the side effects of hypotonia and drowsiness are troublesome with nitrazepam therapy, other antiepileptic agents are therefore recommended for long term therapy, possibly Corticotropin ( ACTH ) or vigabatrin.

Nitrazepam causes a reduced output of serotonin which is closely involved in regulating mood and may be the cause of feelings of depression in users of nitrazepam or other benzodiazepines.

Long-term effects of benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam include worsening mental and physical health as well as cognitive deficits ; and immunological disturbances.

Withdrawal from nitrazepam or other benzodiazepines often leads to withdrawal symptoms which are similar to those seen with alcohol and barbiturates, including delirium tremens.

Dependence on benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam or temazepam often occurs due to discharging patients from hospital on benzodiazepines who were started on benzodiazepine hypnotics in hospital.

A neonatal withdrawal syndrome can also occur if nitrazepam or other benzodiazepines are used during pregnancy with symptoms such as hyper-excitability, tremor and gastro-intestinal upset ( diarrhea or vomiting ) occurring.

Therefore benzodiazepines including nitrazepam should be avoided during pregnancy.

Internationally benzodiazepines are known to cause harm when used during pregnancy and nitrazepam is a category D drug during pregnancy.

Use of benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam in late pregnancy especially high doses may result in floppy infant syndrome.

Nitrobenzodiazepines such as nitrazepam, nimetazepam, flunitrazepam, and clonazepam are more toxic to the liver than other benzodiazepines as they are metabolically activated by CYP3A4 which can result in cytotoxicity.

Alcohol ( ethanol ) in combination with nitrazepam may cause a synergistic enhancement of the hypotensive properties of both benzodiazepines and alcohol.

The anticonvulsant properties of nitrazepam and other benzodiazepines may be in part or entirely due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptors.

Less time is spent in stages 3 and 4 which are the deep sleep stages, when benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam are used.

Benzodiazepines, including diazepam, nitrazepam, and flunitrazepam account for the largest volume of forged drug prescriptions in Sweden, a total of 52 % of drug forgeries being for benzodiazepines, suggesting benzodiazepines are a major prescription drug class of abuse.

In Bangladesh, benzodiazepines, including nitrazepam, are used in organised crime to commit drug facilitated crime such as robbery.

In a retrospective study of deaths, when benzodiazepines were implicated in the deaths, the benzodiazepines nitrazepam and flunitrazepam were the most common benzodiazepines involved.

Likewise, Canadian Psychiatric Association ( CPA ) recommends benzodiazepines alprazolam, bromazepam, lorazepam, and diazepam only as a second-line choice, if the treatment with two different antidepressants was unsuccessful.

Withdrawal is best managed by transferring the physically dependent patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam because it has the longest half-life of all of the benzodiazepines, is metabolised into long-acting active metabolites and is available in low-potency tablets, which can be quartered for smaller doses.

But certain benzodiazepines ( hypnotic benzodiazepines ) have significantly higher activity at the α < sub > 1 </ sub > subunit of the GABA < sub > A </ sub > receptor compared to other benzodiazepines ( for example, triazolam and temazepam have significantly higher activity at the α < sub > 1 </ sub > subunit compared to alprazolam and diazepam, making them superior sedative-hypnotics – alprazolam and diazepam in turn have higher activity at the α < sub > 2 </ sub > subunit compared to triazolam and temazepam, making them superior anxiolytic agents ).

Research into grapefruit juice has identified a number of common medications affected, including statins, which are commonly used to treat cardiovascular illness, and benzodiazepines ( a tranquilizer family including diazepam ).

The benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, interact with the GABA < sub > A </ sub > receptor in the central nervous system.

The therapeutic and side effect profile of nepenthe as reported may also very well be the result of some form of belladonna-type anticholinergic being present, that drug being well known for its amnesia and other properties, the former of which is considerably more potent than opium in this respect, and belladonna or separated alkaloids, especially scopolamine, were widely used in surgery and medical and dental procedures for many years before medium and short acting benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, midazolam and others.

Physostigmine also has other proposed uses: it could reverse undesired side effects of benzodiazepines such as diazepam, alleviating anxiety and tension.

Acute anxiety can be treated in the short term with benzodiazepines such as diazepam ( Valium ); however, long-term use is not recommended because of the addictive nature of benzodiazepines and the interference they may cause with vestibular compensation and adaptive plasticity.

Bromazepam is a " classical " benzodiazepine ; other classical benzodiazepines include ; diazepam, clonazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, flurazepam and clorazepate.

Bromazepam has a similar misuse risk as other benzodiazepines such as diazepam.

In France car accidents involving psychotropic drugs in combination found benzodiazepines, mainly diazepam, nordiazepam, and bromazepam, to be the most common drug, almost twice that of the next most common drug cannabis.

Agonists for the GABA < sub > A </ sub > receptor ( such as the benzodiazepines alprazolam and diazepam ) elicit a sedative effect while inverse agonists have anxiogenic ( for example, Ro15-4513 ) or even convulsive effects ( certain beta-carbolines ).