The " Days of April " ( journées d ' avril ) is a name appropriated in French history to a series of insurrections at Lyons, Paris and elsewhere, against the government of Louis Philippe in 1834, which led to violent repressive measures, and to a famous trial known as the procès d ' avril.

They were parents to a daughter, Louise Borgia, Duchess of Valentinois, ( 1500 – 1553 ) who first married Louis II de La Tremouille, Governor of Burgundy, and secondly Philippe de Bourbon ( 1499 – 1557 ), Seigneur de Busset.

His fourth brother, Emmanuel, had died aged 14 in 1676 ; his third, Louis Julius ( already mentioned ) had died on active service in 1683, and his second brother, Philippe, died of smallpox in 1693.

A radical Republican during the monarchy of Louis Philippe in France, he died from wounds suffered in a duel under questionable circumstances at the age of twenty.

Louis XVI had already been guillotined before the start of the terror ; Queen Marie Antoinette, Barnave, Bailly, Brissot and other leading Girondins, Philippe Égalité ( despite his vote for the death of the King ), Madame Roland and many others were executed by guillotine.

The French Foreign Legion was created by Louis Philippe, the King of the French, on 10 March 1831.

* Louis Philippe, the last king to rule France, although Emperor Napoleon III would serve as its last monarch.

Tomb of Philippe Pot, governor of Burgundy ( region ) | Burgundy under Louis XI, by Antoine Le Moiturier

While Prince Louis II's sympathies were strongly pro-French, he tried to keep Monaco neutral during World War II but supported the Vichy French government of his old army colleague, Marshall Philippe Pétain.

* 1725 – Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans ( d. 1785 )

The guillotine ( called the " National Razor ") became the symbol of the revolutionary cause, strengthened by a string of executions: Marie Antoinette, King Louis XVI, the Girondins, Philippe Égalité ( Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans ), and Madame Roland, as well as many others, such as pioneering chemist Antoine Lavoisier, lost their lives under its blade.

The guillotine became the symbol of a string of executions: Louis XVI had already been guillotined before the start of the terror ; Marie-Antoinette, the Girondists, Philippe Égalité, Madame Roland and many others lost their lives under its blade.

Back in Paris, Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and Philippe Soupault.

For the next seven years, during the Régence of Philippe d ' Orléans, the royal court of the young King Louis XV was the first in Paris, while the Regent governed from his Parisian residence, the Palais-Royal.

* February 24 – Louis Philippe, King of the French, abdicated after days of revolution in France.

* September 21 – Philippe I, Duke of Orleans, younger brother of King Louis XIV of France ( d. 1701 )

* May 4 – Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, youngest daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan, wife of Philippe d ' Orléans, le Régent ( d. 1749 )

* August 9 – France: Louis Philippe becomes King of the French.

* October 6 – Louis Philippe, King of the French ( d. 1850 )

Furthermore, the display of wealth by the upper ranks of the church, which contrasted with the common expectation of poverty and strict adherence to principles, was used by the Papacy's enemies in raising charges against the popes: King Philippe of France employed the strategy, as did Emperor Louis IV.

Regent for the new, 5-year-old monarch is Philippe d ' Orléans, nephew of Louis XIV.

It includes: Henrietta Maria of France ( died 1669 ), exiled Queen of England ; Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, founder of the House of Orléans ; his first wife Henrietta Anne Stuart | Princess Henriette ( died 1670 ); the couples first daughter Marie Louise d ' Orléans ( 1662 – 1689 ) | Marie Louise d ' Orléans ( later Queen of Spain ); Anne of Austria ( died 1666 ); the Orléans daughters of Gaston, Duke of Orléans | Gaston de France ; Louis XIV ; the Dauphin of France with his wife Maria Theresa of Spain with her third daughter Princess Marie-Thérèse of France ( 1667 – 1672 ) | Marie-Thérèse de France, called Madame Royale ( died 1672 ) and her second son Philippe-Charles de France, duc d ' Anjou ( d1671 ).

He had also intervened on behalf of a number of foreign-born scientists including mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange, granting them exception to a mandate stripping all foreigners of possessions and freedom .< ref >

The term " morphine ", used in English and French, was given by the French physicist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac ).

Boron was not recognized as an element until it was isolated by Sir Humphry Davy and by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

#*** Lucien Louis Joseph Napoléon Bonaparte ( 1828 – 1895 )

#** Napoleon Eugene Louis John Joseph Bonaparte ( 1856 – 1879 )

#** Napoléon Louis Joseph Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1864 – 1932 ) Russian general

The suggestion that this newly discovered gas was a simple element was made in 1809 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques.

He had read extensively in Leibniz, Joseph Louis Lagrange, Thomas Simpson, and Lacroix and was seriously disappointed in the mathematical instruction available at Cambridge.

With Johanna ( 1780 – 1809 ), his children were Joseph ( 1806 – 1873 ), Wilhelmina ( 1808 – 1846 ) and Louis ( 1809 – 1810 ).

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other.

It was influenced by Counter-Enlightenment works by men such as Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald.

Charles Xavier Joseph de Franque Ville d ' Abancour ( 4 July 1758 – 9 September 1792 ) was a French statesman, minister to Louis XVI.

* 1778 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French physicist and chemist ( d. 1850 )

Louis XVI had made secret requests to Emperor Joseph II of Austria, Marie-Antoinette's brother, to restore him to his throne.

At 15, he was reading the original papers of Joseph Louis Lagrange, such as the landmark Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations which likely motivated his later work on equation theory, and Leçons sur le calcul des fonctions, work intended for professional mathematicians, yet his classwork remained uninspired, and his teachers accused him of affecting ambition and originality in a negative way.

Later, in 1802, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac published results of similar experiments, indicating a linear relationship between volume and temperature:

When he completed his B. S., professors Joseph Budd and Louis Pammel convinced Carver to continue at Iowa State for his master's degree.

These include Richard Kirwan, John Smeaton, Henry Moyes, John Michell, Pieter Camper, R. E. Raspe, John Baskerville, Thomas Beddoes, John Wyatt, William Thomson, Cyril V. Jackson, Jean-André Deluc, John Wilkinson, John Ash, Samuel More, Robert Bage, James Brindley, Ralph Griffiths, John Roebuck, Thomas Percival, Joseph Black, James Hutton, Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Banks, William Herschel, Daniel Solander, John Warltire, George Fordyce, Alexander Blair, Samuel Parr, Louis Joseph d ' Albert d ' Ailly, the seventh Duke of Chaulnes, Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond, Grossart de Virly ,, Johann Gottling.

Joseph Louis Lagrange was an admirer of Euler and, in his work on integrating probability density functions, investigated expressions of the form

First formulated by Dr. Joseph Lawrence and Jordan Wheat Lambert in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1879 as surgical antiseptic, it was given to dentists for oral care in 1895 and it was the first over-the-counter mouthwash sold in the United States, in 1914.

* 1822 – Joseph Louis François Bertrand, French mathematician ( d. 1900 )