* boost phase: 3 to 5 minutes ( shorter for a solid rocket than for a liquid-propellant rocket ); altitude at the end of this phase is typically 150 to 400 km depending on the trajectory chosen, typical burnout speed is 7 km / s, up to the speed of Low Earth Orbit.

Modern communications satellites typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits.

The reactor operates for 43 days and remains in Low Earth orbit.

Originally " drop-in " replacements were considered for higher performance, but a larger replacement for the S-IVB stage was later studied for missions to Mars and other high-load profiles, known as the S-N. Nuclear thermal space " tugs " were planned as part of the Space Transportation System to take payloads from a propellant depot in Low Earth Orbit to higher orbits, the Moon, and other planets.

The 40 megajoules per kilogram or less kinetic energy of projectiles launched at up to 9000 m / s velocity ( if including extra for drag losses ) towards Low Earth Orbit is a few kilowatt-hours per kilogram if efficiencies are relatively high, which accordingly has been hypothesized to be under $ 1 of electrical energy cost per kilogram shipped to LEO, though total costs would be far more than electricity alone.

To launch a space vehicle with humans on board, a mass driver's track would need to be several hundreds of kilometers long if providing almost all the velocity to Low Earth Orbit, though lesser length can provide major launch assist.

Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) spacecraft is eclipsed by the Earth.

* Low Earth orbit

** Payload to Low Earth Orbit 118, 000 kg

** Payload to Low Earth Orbit 24, 400 kg ( 53, 700 lb )

Low Earth orbit in Cyan

A Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) typically is a circular orbit about above the earth ’ s surface and, correspondingly, a period ( time to revolve around the earth ) of about 90 minutes.

nl: Low Earth Orbit

* CLEO ( Cisco Low Earth Orbit router )

Low Earth orbiting satellites ( LEOs ) are often deployed in satellite constellations, because the coverage area provided by a single LEO satellite only covers a small area that moves as the satellite travels at the high angular velocity needed to maintain its orbit.

# REDIRECT Low Earth orbit

Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in Low Earth orbit.

Magnetometers used in the Earth sciences are called geophysical surveys, a term that also embraces a wide range of other geophysical techniques including gravity, seismic refraction, seismic reflection, electromagnetics ( EM ), induced polarisation ( IP ), magneto-tellurics ( MT ), controlled source magneto-tellurics ( CSAMT ), sub-audio magnetics ( SAM ), mise-a-la-masse, resistivity, self Potential ( SP ) and Very Low Frequency ( VLF ).

Low Earth orbit satellites take advantage of the fact that certain polar orbits set near the terminator do not suffer from eclipse, therefore their solar cells are continuously lit by sunlight.

Unless Low Earth Orbit satellites are routinely boosted to higher orbits, they slowly fall, and eventually burn up in Earth's atmosphere.

defense system, a satellite constellation of 4, 600 kinetic interceptors ( KE ASAT ), of 100 lb ( 45 kg ) each, in Low Earth orbit, and their associated tracking systems.

# REDIRECT Low Earth orbit

Computer controlled motorized parabolic dish antenna for tracking Low Earth orbit | LEO weather satellites. Polar orbiting weather satellites circle the Earth at a typical altitude of 850 km ( 530 miles ) in a north to south ( or vice versa ) path, passing over the poles in their continuous flight.

Turnstile antenna for reception of 137 MHz Low Earth Orbit | LEO weather satellite transmissions

* Donald Kessler ( Kessler 1991 ), " Collisional Cascading: The Limits of Population Growth in Low Earth Orbit ", Advances in Space Research, Volume 11 Number 12 ( December 1991 ), pp. 63 – 66.

* Donald Kessler and Phillip Anz-Meador, " Critical Number of Spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit: Using Fragmentation Data to Evaluate the Stability of the Orbital Debris Environment ", Presented and the Third European Conference on Space Debris, March 2001.

While the speed was not nearly enough to reach orbit ( less than half of the 9, 000 m / s delta-v required to reach Low Earth Orbit ), it was a major achievement at much lower cost than most ballistic missile programs.

To date, the Saturn V is the only launch vehicle to transport human beings beyond Low Earth Orbit.

* Low Earth Orbit payload ( projected ): 7, 000 lb ( 3, 180 kg )

Although the VF-1 technically has an unlimited service ceiling and atmospheric range ( since it can operate in space ), the VF-1's internal tanks cannot carry enough propellant to achieve a stable orbit and needs the help of a booster pack to reach Low Earth Orbit.

* Phase 2: Long life using solar cells, communications capabilities, Low Earth Orbit.

:: Geosynchronous transfer orbit-A geocentric-elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) and the apogee at the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit.

The amount of bandwidth available on these systems is substantially higher than that of the Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) systems ; all three active systems provide portable satellite Internet using laptop-sized terminals with speeds ranging from 60 to 512 kbit per second ( kbps ).

NERVA rockets would be used for nuclear " tugs " designed to take payloads from Low Earth Orbit to larger orbits as a component of the later-named Space Transportation System, resupply several space stations in various orbits around the Earth and Moon, and support a permanent lunar base.

The NERVA rocket would also be a nuclear-powered upper stage for the Saturn rocket ( the Saturn S-N ), which would allow the upgraded Saturn to launch much larger payloads of up to 340, 000 pounds to Low Earth Orbit.

Most amateur satellites are Low Earth Orbit satellites, or LEO's as they are affectionately known, and generally are about 450 miles high.

These effects apply whenever climbing to an orbit with higher specific orbital energy, such as during launch to Low Earth orbit ( LEO ) or from LEO to an escape orbit.

SpaceDev built and conducted early orbit operations of the Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) microsat, the first to use only the Internet for its communications, for University of California at Berkeley under NASA's University Explorer Program ( UNEX ).

The original BA-1 launch vehicle design was intended to service the LEO ( Low Earth Orbit ) satellite constellation launch market, but was replaced by the much larger BA-2 design when it was decided to concentrate on the more stable Geostationary satellite launch market as the LEO constellations became financially unsound.

* 100 LBS TO Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ): Small-Payload Launch Options, ( January 2000 ; JSR-98-140 )

The performance of the Cargo Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle ( SDLV ) would be 125 to 130 metric tons to Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ).