The 40 megajoules per kilogram or less kinetic energy of projectiles launched at up to 9000 m / s velocity ( if including extra for drag losses ) towards Low Earth Orbit is a few kilowatt-hours per kilogram if efficiencies are relatively high, which accordingly has been hypothesized to be under $ 1 of electrical energy cost per kilogram shipped to LEO, though total costs would be far more than electricity alone.

To launch a space vehicle with humans on board, a mass driver's track would need to be several hundreds of kilometers long if providing almost all the velocity to Low Earth Orbit, though lesser length can provide major launch assist.

Low Earth orbiting satellites ( LEOs ) are often deployed in satellite constellations, because the coverage area provided by a single LEO satellite only covers a small area that moves as the satellite travels at the high angular velocity needed to maintain its orbit.

* Low velocity layer, a term in seismic refraction statics determination

Low humidity, low fuel moisture, and high winds appear to be the primary factors in determining when, where, and how large a chaparral fire burns.

The term " Low Fantasy " is used to represent other types of fantasy, however, so while comic fantasies may also correctly be classified as low fantasy, many examples of low fantasy are not comic in nature.

Low surface brightness dwarf galaxies are important sources of information for studying dark matter, as they have an uncommonly low ratio of visible matter to dark matter, and have few bright stars at the center which would otherwise impair observations of the rotation curve of outlying stars.

Legend: γ = Gamma ray s HX = Hard X-ray s SX = Soft X-Rays EUV = Extreme-ultraviolet NUV = Near-ultraviolet Visible light ( colored bands ) NIR = Near-infrared MIR = Moderate-infrared FIR = Far-infrared EHF = Extremely high frequency ( microwaves ) SHF = Super-high frequency ( microwaves ) UHF = Ultrahigh frequency ( radio waves ) VHF = Very high frequency ( radio ) HF = High frequency ( radio ) MF = Medium frequency ( radio ) LF = Low frequency ( radio ) VLF = Very low frequency ( radio ) VF = Voice frequency ULF = Ultra-low frequency ( radio ) SLF = Super-low frequency ( radio ) ELF = Extremely low frequency ( radio )

Low income people generally spend a similar amount on food, while high income people may spend a very large amount or as little as low income people spend.

* Lancaster University, Ultra Low Temperature Physics – includes a summary of some low temperature techniques

Low Arab Sunni turnout threatened the legitimacy of the election, which was as low as 2 % in Anbar province.

IEEE 802. 15. 4-2003 ( Low Rate WPAN ) deals with low data rate but very long battery life ( months or even years ) and very low complexity.

* Bruce Haack's 1982 single " Party Machine " featured the lyric, " Low low low like Kurtis Blow / Down down down like James Brown.

; Low throughput: Due to varying load from other users sharing the same network resources, the bit rate ( the maximum throughput ) that can be provided to a certain data stream may be too low for realtime multimedia services if all data streams get the same scheduling priority.

The ALARA ( As Low As Reasonably Achievable ) principle has been advocated for an ultrasound examination — that is, keeping the scanning time and power settings as low as possible but consistent with diagnostic imaging — and that by that principle non-medical uses, which by definition are not necessary, are actively discouraged.

Low speed modes would ostensibly dominate the distribution, since low speed modes would require ever less energy, and prima facie a zero-speed mode would require zero energy and its energy partition would contain an infinite number of atoms.

Low, thick clouds ( such as stratocumulus ) primarily reflect incoming solar radiation, causing it to have a high albedo, whereas high, thin clouds ( such as Cirrus ) tend to transmit it to the surface but then trap outgoing infrared radiation, causing it to have low albedo.

Low cloud weather map symbols: Includes low and upward-growing vertical.

Low birthweight is a risk factor for CP — and premature infants usually have low birth weights, less than 2. 0 kg, but full-term infants can also have low birth weights.

* Low – A term referring to the state of having low blood sugar.

Winters in Show Low bring highs between 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) and 55 ° F ( 13 ° C ), with lows usually below freezing between November and March, averaging in the 20s December through February, and in the low 30s for November and March.

Exactly how this is chosen depends on the tidal regime in the area being charted and on the policy of the hydrographic office producing the chart in question ; a typical definition is Lowest Astronomical Tide ( the lowest tide predictable from the effects of gravity ), or Mean Lower Low Water ( the average lowest tide of each day ), although MSL is sometimes used in waters with very low tidal ranges.

The only exceptions to Bangladesh's low elevations are the Chittagong Hills in the southeast, the Low Hills of Sylhet in the northeast, and highlands in the north and northwest.

Low intermolecular forces give the liquids low viscosities when compared to liquids of similar boiling points.

Low frequency inductors are constructed like transformers, with cores of electrical steel laminated to prevent eddy currents.

Low frequency induction is an unwanted form of inductive coupling, which can occur when a metallic pipeline is installed parallel to a high-voltage power line.

; Conducted immunity: Low frequency signals ( usually 10 kHz to 80 MHz ) are injected onto the data and power lines of a device.

Low fidelity or lo-fi describes a sound recording which contains technical flaws such as distortion, hum, or background noise, or limited frequency response.

Low frequency or low freq or LF refers to radio frequencies ( RF ) in the range of 30 kHz – 300 kHz.

Low frequency waves can also travel long distances by reflecting from the ionosphere ( the actual mechanism is one of refraction ), although this method, called skywave or " skip " propagation, is not as common as at higher frequencies.

nl: Low frequency

fi: Low frequency

* Low frequency

A modern Low frequency | LF Radio clock

A low cost Low frequency | LF radio clock receiver, antenna left, receiver right.

* Low frequency, ( LF )

Low frequency parasitic oscillations have been called ' motorboating ' due to the similarity to the sound of a low-revving exhaust note.

In the remainder of the war in the Low Countries he held high commands, and was present at the Battle of Fleurus.

Low bandwidth animations transmitted via the internet ( e. g. 2D Flash, X3D ) often use software on the end-users computer to render in real time as an alternative to streaming or pre-loaded high bandwidth animations.

Low carbohydrate diets such as Atkins and Protein Power are relatively high in protein and fats.

Low atmospheric pressure tends to occur over warm water and high pressure occurs over cold water, in part because of deep convection over the warm water.

Low explosives deflagrate at subsonic speeds, whereas high explosives detonate, producing a supersonic wave.

Low partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen such as found at high altitude or by reduced replacement of oxygen in the breathing mix.

This can be indicated by verbal statements at the beginning of a composition, for example, " Tune Low C to C flat ", or " If necessary, tune high G to G sharp ".

Low, middle and high Reverse roundhouse kicks performed in succession

Low temperature, starvation of the cells and high multiplicity of infection ( MOI ) are known to favor lysogeny ( see later discussion ).

Low levels of dopamine lead to high levels of prolactin.

Low pressure turbocharging is the optimum when driving in the city, whereas high pressure turbocharging is more for racing and driving on highways / motorways / freeways.

Low and high cycle fatigue are enhanced and have been documented to provide increases up to ten times greater than non-UIT specimens.

The album was nonetheless a personal high point for Partridge, who ranks songs such as "( The Everyday Story of ) Smalltown " and " Train Running Low on Soul Coal " amongst his best work.

* Low rates of nucleation of crystals coupled with high diffusivity to force growth of a few large crystals instead of many smaller crystals

* Low thermal gradients coupled with a high wall rock temperature, explaining the preponderance for pegmatite to occur only within greenschist metamorphic terranes

Low earth orbiting satellites are less expensive to launch into orbit than geostationary satellites and, due to proximity to the ground, do not require as high signal strength ( Recall that signal strength falls off as the square of the distance from the source, so the effect is dramatic ).

Low explosives must, therefore, be used in large quantities or confined in a container with a high burst pressure to be used as an effective bomb.