His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well.

The doctrines included the opposition to all metaphysics, especially ontology and synthetic a priori propositions ; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as having no meaning ; a criterion of meaning based on Ludwig Wittgenstein's early work ; the idea that all knowledge should be codifiable by a single standard language of science ; and above all the project of rational reconstruction, in which ordinary-language concepts were gradually to be replaced by more precise equivalents in that standard language.

During the late 1920s, ' 30s, and ' 40s, Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein's formalism was developed by a group of philosophers in Vienna and Berlin, who formed the Vienna Circle and Berlin Circle into a doctrine known as logical positivism ( or logical empiricism ).

Frankfurt connects this analysis of bullshit with Ludwig Wittgenstein's disdain of " non-sense " talk, and with the popular concept of a " bull session " in which speakers may try out unusual views without commitment.

Although he denied it, much of Ludwig Wittgenstein's writing on mathematics has a strong affinity with finitism.

Following Ludwig Wittgenstein's critique of the possibility of absolute and total knowledge Lyotard further argued that the various metanarratives of progress such as positivist science, Marxism, and structuralism were defunct as methods of achieving progress.

Returning to Trinity for a year, he attended Ludwig Wittgenstein's seminars on the philosophy of mathematics.

Another example of ontological pluralism can be found in Ludwig Wittgenstein's notion of language-games ; the idea that different mutually agreed rule systems, and in the case of ontological matters, ontological rule systems, are adopted in conversation and communication for a purpose which delineates the rules, constituting the language-game's meaning.

He was a close friend of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and was instrumental in translating Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus into English, and in persuading Wittgenstein to return to philosophy and Cambridge.

* First publication of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, as " Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung " in Annalen der Naturphilosophie.

Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, Dennett and Rey have defended eliminativism about qualia, even when other portions of the mental are accepted.

Kosuth's works frequently reference Sigmund Freud's psycho-analysis and Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of language.

Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy can be seen as a foundation for Social Constructivism, with its key theoretical concepts of language games embedded in forms of life.

* First publication of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in an English translation.

In Ludwig Wittgenstein's writings, the word " nonsense " carries a special technical meaning which differs significantly from the normal use of the word.

Anscombe was Ludwig Wittgenstein's student, and his successor at the University of Cambridge ; she was married to Geach, himself an accomplished logician and philosopher of religion.

3 < sup > 2 </ sup > × 7 × 11, the number of the " non-existing " Alabama State Constitution amendment, the number of sections in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations.

He was a student of philosophy taught by Ludwig Wittgenstein at Trinity College, Cambridge and became Wittgenstein's friend for many years to come, until the latter's death in 1951.

Theoretical concerns, influences and resources used in the development of ethnomethodology include: traditional sociological concerns, especially the Parsonian Parsons, " Problem of Order "; traditional sociological theory and methods, primarily Parsons, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber ; Aron Gurwitsch's phenomenological field theory of consciousness / Gestalt Psychology ; the Transcendental Phenomenology of Edmund Husserl ; Alfred Schutz's Phenomenology of the Natural Attitude ; Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of embodiment, Martin Heidegger's phenomenology of being / Existential Phenomenology ; and Ludwig Wittgenstein's investigations regarding ordinary language use ( Heritage: 1986 ; Garfinkel: 2002 ).

The term Wittgenstein's ladder stems from proposition number 6. 54 in the acclaimed philosophical work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, which reads:

The British philosopher G. E. Moore suggested Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus title as a homage to Spinoza's treatise.

The book contends that the central argument of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations centers on a devastating rule-following paradox that undermines the possibility of us ever following rules in our use of language.

Gerhard Gentzen, Dag Prawitz and Michael Dummett are generally seen as the founders of this approach ; it is heavily influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy, especially his aphorism " meaning is use ".

Wittgenstein's rod is a geometry problem attributed to 20th century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.

On 21 June 1919, after nine months of waiting, Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, the German officer in command at Scapa Flow, made the decision to scuttle the fleet because the negotiation period for the treaty had lapsed with no word of a settlement ( he was not kept informed that there had been a last-minute extension to finalise the details ).

Austrian economists such as Ludwig Von Mises and Friedrich Hayek for example continually used the word " socialism " as a synonym for state socialism and central planning.

Previously the word praxiology, with the meaning Espinas gave to it, was used by Tadeusz Kotarbiński ( in 1923 ) and some time later by several economists, such as the Ukrainian, Eugene Slutsky ( 1926 ) in his attempt to base economics on a theory of action, the Austrian Ludwig von Mises ( 1933 ), the Russian, Nikolai Bukharin ( 1888 – 1938 ) during the Second International Congress of History of Science and Technology in London ( in 1931 ), and the Pole, Oscar Lange ( 1904 – 1965 ) in 1959, and later.

Ludwig Wittgenstein writes: So one might say: the ostensive definition explains the use — the meaning — of the word when the overall role of the word in language is clear.

The Praefatio begins by stating that the emperor Ludwig the Pious, desirous that his subjects should possess the word of God in their own tongue, commanded a certain Saxon, who was esteemed among his countrymen as an eminent poet, to translate poetically into the German language the Old and New Testaments.

Stephen E. Toulmin and Charles Arthur Willard have championed the idea of argument fields, the former drawing upon Ludwig Wittgenstein's notion of language games, ( Sprachspiel ) the latter drawing from communication and argumentation theory, sociology, political science, and social epistemology.

In his work, Philosophical Investigations, Ludwig Wittgenstein regularly referred to the concept of language games.

The concept of holon, however, is closely integrated in " Janus " with the theory of complex systems as was developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Herbert Simon, both well known investigators and friends of Koestler.

A German educator Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, who was known as the father of gymnastics, invented several apparatus, including the horizontal bar and parallel bars which are used to this day.

In addition to Friedrich Hayek, who was one of Salin's intellectual mentors, Salin has been influenced by the works of Frédéric Bastiat, Israel Kirzner, Ludwig von Mises, Murray Rothbard, and Jean-Baptiste Say.

Despite this, the post-World War II economic liberation enabling Germany to once again lead Europe, which Röpke and his allies ( Walter Eucken, Franz Böhm, Alfred Müller-Armack and Alexander Rüstow ) were the intellectual muscle behind, occurred by implementing policy divergent to that advocated by Ludwig Von Mises.

Furthermore, Röpke personally advised the Chancellor of ( post-World War II ) West Germany, Konrad Adenauer, and his Minister of Economics, Ludwig Erhard up until the late 1950s, and therefore is credited with contributing the intellectual backbone of the now infamous German Economic " Miracle ".

To the consternation of his family, but with the support of his former teacher Taneyev, he soon rejected a career as a performer and turned to composition, partly inspired by the intellectual challenge of Ludwig van Beethoven's late piano sonatas and string quartets.

Gray denied that investigation of physical causes stood opposed to the theological view and the study of the harmonies between mind and Nature, and thought it " most presumable that an intellectual conception realized in Nature would be realized through natural agencies ".. Thomas Huxley, who strongly promoted Darwin's ideas while campaigning to end the dominance of science by the clergy, coined the term agnostic to describe his position that God's existence is unknowable, and Darwin also took this position, but evolution was also taken up by prominent atheists including Edward Aveling and Ludwig Büchner and it was criticised, in the words of one reviewer, as " tantamount to atheism ".

After listing “ intellectual leaders like Russell Kirk, Friedrich Hayek, Henry Hazlitt, Milton Friedman, James Burnham, Ludwig von Mises ” as the ones who “ shaped so much of our thoughts ,” he discussed only one of these influences at length.

The Christian groups first called " gnostic " a branch of Christianity, however Joseph Jacobs and Ludwig Blau ( Jewish Encyclopedia, 1911 ) note that much of the terminology employed is Jewish and note that this " proves at least that the principal elements of gnosticism were derived from Jewish speculation, while it does not preclude the possibility of new wine having been poured into old bottles.

On 21 July 1865, having sung the role only four times, Ludwig Schnorr von Carolsfeld died suddenly — prompting speculation that the exertion involved in singing the part of Tristan had killed him.