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Máel Coluim's sons Dub and Cináed were later kings.
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Máel and Coluim's
However, William II of England backed Máel Coluim's son by his first marriage, Donnchad, as a pretender to the throne and he seized power.
Another contender, imprisoned at Roxburgh since about 1130, was Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, an illegitimate son of Alexander I. Máel Coluim's sons were free men in 1153.
The first reliable report of Máel Coluim's reign is of an invasion of Bernicia in 1006, perhaps the customary crech ríg ( literally royal prey, a raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war ), which involved a siege of Durham.
The Orkneyinga Saga says that Thorfinn was raised at Máel Coluim's court and was given the Mormaerdom of Caithness by his grandfather.
Thorfinn, says the Heimskringla, was the ally of the king of Scots, and counted on Máel Coluim's support to resist the " tyranny " of Norwegian King Olaf Haraldsson.
Whatever the exact chronology, before Máel Coluim's death a client of the king of Scots was in control of Caithness and Orkney, although, as with all such relationships, it is unlikely to have lasted beyond his death.
Not only had Gille Coemgáin's ancestors killed many of Máel Coluim's kin, but Gille Coemgáin and his son Lulach might be rivals for the throne.
By the 1030s Máel Coluim's sons, if he had any, were dead.
Máel Coluim's chosen heir, and the first tánaise ríg certainly known in Scotland, was Donnchad mac Crínáin (" Duncan I ").
Perhaps the most notable feature of Máel Coluim's death is the account of Marianus, matched by the silence of the Irish annals, which tells us that Donnchad I became king and ruled for five years and nine months.
While an earlier date is favoured, an association with accounts of Máel Coluim's has been proposed on the basis of the iconography of the carvings.
On the question of Máel Coluim's putative pilgrimage, pilgrimages to Rome, or other long-distance journeys, were far from unusual.
Not a great deal is known of Máel Coluim's activities beyond the wars and killings.
A second invasion from the north in 952, this time an alliance including Máel Coluim's Scots and also Britons and Saxons, was defeated.
Óengus, along with his brother, son Eogán, and nephew Domnall, is included in the Duan Albanach, a praise poem from the reign of Máel Coluim ( III ) mac Donnchada listing Máel Coluim's predecessors as kings of Scots, of Alba and of Dál Riata from Fergus Mór and his brothers onwards.
On the death of Edmund's father and his heir-designate, Edward, his eldest son by Margaret, in November 1093, Máel Coluim's brother Domnall Bán took the throne.
On Máel Coluim's death, the line of kings descended from Cináed came to an end.
Future kings, while still tracing their descent from Cináed, were descended from Máel Coluim's daughter Bethóc.
Máel Coluim's victory at the Battle of Carham in 1018 brought him into outright possession of the lands of the Lothians and the Merse.
The castle is said to have been built by Máel Coluim III of Scotland, after he had razed to the ground the castle in which Macbeth of Scotland according to much later tradition, murdered Máel Coluim's father Donnchad I of Scotland, and which stood on a hill around 1 km to the north-east.
Nothing more is known of Máel Coluim's life ; there is speculation by some modern historians that he was illegitimate.
Máel and sons
His murder within a few months saw Domnall restored with one of Máel Coluim sons by his second marriage, Edmund, as his heir.
According to the Annals of Ulster he was killed by his own people while the Annals of Tigernach say that the sons of his brother Máel Brigte were responsible.
One of these sons, Máel Coluim mac Máel Brigte, died in 1029.
Either soon before or soon after his victory over Máel Muad, Brian routed Donnubán and the remainder of the Norse army in the Battle of Cathair Cuan, there probably slaying the last of Ivar's sons and successor Aralt.
The Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh relates a story in which one of Brian's sons insults Máel Morda, which leads him to declare his independence from Brian's authority.
The first opposition to Malcolm came in November 1153, from the combination of a neighbour, Somerled of Argyll, and family rivals, the sons of Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair.
Support for the sons of Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair may also have come from areas closer to the core of the kingdom ; two conspirators are named by chroniclers, one of whom died in trial by combat in February 1154.
In 1020, Mac Bethad's father Findláech mac Ruaidrí was killed by the sons of his brother Máel Brigte.
Máel Coluim had no living sons, and the threat to his plans for the succession was obvious.
The only evidence that he did have a son or sons is in Rodulfus Glaber's chronicle where Cnut is said to have stood as godfather to a son of Máel Coluim.
" The Prophecy of Berchán, perhaps the inspiration for John of Fordun and Andrew of Wyntoun's accounts where Máel Coluim is killed fighting bandits, says that he died by violence, fighting " the parricides ", suggested to be the sons of Máel Brigte of Moray.
His sons Máel Dúin mac Conaill and Domnall Donn may have been kings of Dál Riata.
Bethóc ingen Maíl Coluim meic Cináeda was the eldest daughter of King Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, who had no known sons.
And the foreigners gave him the kingship of Dublin, and he made prisoner the sons of Domnall, son of Máel na mBó, in Dublin, and brought back the hostages of Osraige on that occasion.
Máel and Dub
Other children of Áed included Domnall Dabaill ( ancestor of Domnall Ua Lochlainn ); a son named Máel Dub, reputed a saint ; and Máel Dúin, who ruled Ailech as Áed's deputy until his early death in 867.
Máel and Cináed
It has been proposed that Gille Coemgáin's death was the doing of Mac Bethad in revenge for his father's death, or of Máel Coluim mac Cináed to rid himself of a rival.
In northern Britain, the violent struggle between the various candidates for power seems to have removed Clann Áeda mac Cináeda from the contest, leaving only Clann Constantín mac Cináeda, in the person of Máel Coluim son of Cináed, to claim the kingship.
He was a son of Cináed mac Maíl Coluim ; the Prophecy of Berchán says that his mother was a woman of Leinster and refers to him as Máel Coluim Forranach, " the destroyer ".
Since there is no known and relevant Cináed alive at that time ( Cináed mac Maíl Coluim having died in 995 ), it is considered an error for either Cináed mac Duib, who succeeded Causantín, or, possibly, Máel Coluim himself, the son of Cináed II.
Whether Máel Coluim killed Causantín or not, there is no doubt that in 1005 he killed Causantín's successor Cináed III in battle at Monzievaird in Strathearn.
Máel Coluim was followed as king or mormaer by his brother Gille Coemgáin, husband of Gruoch, a granddaughter of King Cináed III.
The House of Alpin is the name given to the kin-group which ruled in Pictland and then the kingdom of Alba from the advent of Cináed mac Ailpín in the 840s until the death of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda in 1034.
Internecine strife in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries left the descendants of Constantín unchallenged by male-line descendants of Cináed mac Ailpín, but Máel Coluim mac Cináeda left no male heirs.
His third known wife was Máel Muire, probably the daughter of Cináed mac Ailpín, the king of the Picts in Britain.
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