Mixed-member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is a voting system originally used to elect representatives to the German Bundestag, and nowadays adopted by numerous legislatures around the world.

In 2007 the Citizens ' Assembly on Electoral Reform in Ontario, Canada, also recommended the use of MMP in future elections to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, with a ballot similar to New Zealand's, and with the closed province-wide lists used in New Zealand but with only 30 % compensatory members.

MMP also started a new, professional publication entitled ASL Journal and contributed articles, editorials, and game scenarios.

MMP would also develop, print and sell some of the other former Avalon Hill titles.

MMP also continued publication of The Gamers ' Operations Magazine as a " house organ " similar to Avalon Hill's The General, which had ceased publication with the demise of Avalon Hill.

Due to the introduction of the MMP electoral system, a New Right " Association of Consumers and Taxpayers " party, known as ACT New Zealand was formed by ex-Labour New Right-aligned Cabinet Ministers like Richard Prebble and others, and maintaining existing New Right policy initiatives such as the Employment Contracts Act, while also introducing US-style " welfare reform.

Lange also reneged from his promise to hold a binding referendum on the MMP system.

She was also ranked in sixth place on the Labour Party's first MMP party list.

When a Royal Commission proposed the adoption of the MMP electoral system in 1986, it also proposed that if the country adopted the new system, it should abolish the Māori electorates.

Composed of secondary students from across Ontario, it also concluded that Ontario should switch to the MMP ( mixed member proportional ) system.

In the 1996 election, with the advent of the MMP system, Donnelly was ranked third on the New Zealand First party list, and entered Parliament.

On 7 September 1994, Meurant entered into a formal agreement with Prime Minister Jim Bolger, thereby consummating the first coalition under MMP.

This has been particularly noticeable in parties which have traditionally contained few Māori — MPs such as Georgina Te Heuheu in the National Party and Donna Awatere Huata in the ACT party are not likely to have entered Parliament without MMP, given the difficulty that their parties would face contesting the Māori electorates.

Unhappy with what seemed to be a pattern of governments failing to reflect the mood of the electorate, New Zealanders in 1992 and 1993 voted to change the electoral system to Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ), a form of proportional representation.

Furthermore, the MMP electoral system has complicated this, as the Prime Minister may have to consult with another party leader.

When the 1996 election, the first conducted under the MMP electoral system, gave the balance of power to the centrist New Zealand First party, many believed that Labour would return to power, but in the end New Zealand First allied itself with the National Party.

MMP should not be confused with the additional member system used in the United Kingdom, which has no overhang seats and consequently is not completely a form of PR.

A proposal to adopt MMP with closed province-wide lists for elections to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island was defeated in a referendum in 2005.

This tactic is less prevalent in good MMP models with enough extra seats ; for instance in Germany and the German states, generally 50 % of the seats are " list seats " leading to less opportunities for overhangs.

" Secondly, it agreed with both Kelly and the California Attorney General that the limits were an " unconstitutionally amendatory insofar as it limits an in-court CUA defense " but by providing more rights, not less, the section concerning limits on possession " should remain an enforceable part of the MMP, applicable to the extent possible — including to those persons who voluntarily participate in the program by registering and obtaining identification cards that provide protection against arrest.

With the adoption of the MMP electoral system in 1996, the Alliance gained entry to parliament, bringing three Green MPs with them: Fitzsimons, Donald and Phillida Bunkle.

In 1996 New Zealand had its first election under MMP, and Bolger became caretaker Prime Minister until a coalition with a majority in parliament could be formed.

In the indicative 1992 electoral referendum, SM was one of the four choices of alternative voting system ( alongside MMP, AV and STV ), but came last with only 5. 5 percent of the vote.

United claimed that a deal with National would allow United to moderate National's more extreme right-wing tendencies and that such arrangements would become common practice under the new MMP system.

In the approach to MMP, however, there had been considerable rearrangement in parliament, with three new parties being established.

In 1996 with MMP he won the new seat, and he retired in 1999.

On January 15, 1999, Multi-Man Publishing, LLC ( MMP ) announced an exclusive association with Hasbro, Inc. " to develop, produce, and distribute games and other products for Avalon Hill's Advanced Squad Leader ( ASL ) game system.

In fact, in 1996, the Bolger government finally accepted the inevitability of Meurant's claim and reached a pact with ACT, the second political party to be formed under MMP.

This provided ACT with an electorate MP to offset its failure ( as happened with all minor parties in the first general election under MMP ( including the Greens and the Christian Party ) to reach the 5 % threshold of votes to qualify as a political party with " List MPs " in parliament.

On its website, the NZ Votes project described itself as a " non profit and non partisan " and as a " community service " designed to inform voters about MMP.

Bruce Cliffe then unsuccessfully sought to bring about a merger of ACT and United, along with other smaller " centre " or liberal parties to create a " united " centre party for the new MMP environment.

Around the same time, Avalon Hill had made the decision that ASL did not have a future, and so MMP sought to keep it alive among fans by publishing occasional scenarios and a fanzine.

After Avalon Hill was sold to Hasbro in 1999, MMP negotiated to license ASL from Hasbro.

" MMP is a gaming company founded in 1994 by Perry Cocke and Brian Youse, and later co-partner Curt Schilling, to preserve ASL and other Avalon Hill games.

The election uses the MMP electoral system.

He strongly considered forming a break-away party, the New Zealand Democratic Coalition, for the 1996 MMP election but then decided against it.

New Zealand's first MMP election was held in 1996.

In countries such as New Zealand, which use an MMP ( mixed-member proportionality ) system of voting, party discipline tends to be high.

* Under the mixed member proportional representation ( MMP ) or Top-Up ( compensatory ) system, the aim is either for the party's total number of representatives, including constituency representatives, to be proportional to its percentage of the party vote, or for the allocation of additional party seats to offset all or most of the disproportionate result in the constituencies.

For instance in the Italian general election, 2001, one of the two main coalitions ( the House of Freedoms, which opposed the MMP system ), linked many of their constituency candidates to a decoy list ( liste civetta ) in the proportional parts, under the name Abolizione Scorporo.

* Other countries using MMP ; see mixed member proportional representation.

MMP is similar to other forms of proportional representation ( PR ) in that the overall total of party members in the elected body is intended to mirror the overall proportion of votes received ; it differs by including a set of members elected by geographic constituency who are deducted from the party totals so as to maintain overall proportionality.

MMP is known as personalized proportional representation in Germany, where it is used on the federal level and on most state levels, the Länder.

At the regional or national level ( i. e. above the constituency level ) several different calculation methods have been used, but the basic characteristic of the MMP is that the total number of seats in the assembly, including the single-member seats and not only the party-list ones, are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes the party received in the party portion of the ballot.

As in numerous proportional systems, in order to be eligible for list seats in many MMP models, a party must earn at least a certain percentage of the total party vote, or no candidates will be elected from the party list.

* Lesotho adopted MMP in 2002.

) In August 2012, the initial report on a review of the MMP system by the Electoral Commission recommended abolishing the one electorate seat threshold, meaning a party winning an electorate seat but not crossing the 5 % threshold ( which the same report recommends lowering to 4 %) is only awarded that electorate seat.

For instance in the Italian general election, 2001, one of the two main coalitions ( the House of Freedoms, which opposed the scorporo system, ( an alternate version of MMP ), linked many of their constituency candidates to a decoy list ( liste civetta ) in the proportional parts, under the name Abolizione Scorporo.

In the 2007 Lesotho general election, the two leading parties, the Lesotho Congress for Democracy and the All Basotho Convention used decoy lists, respectively named the National Independent Party and the Lesotho Workers ' Party to avoid the compensatory mechanisms of MMP.