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MMTV was formerly known as Bittner virus, and previously the ' milk factor ' referring to the extra-chromosomal vertical transmission of murine breast cancer by adoptive nursing, demonstrated in 1936, by Dr. John Joseph Bittner, while working at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine.
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MMTV and was
A complete proviral sequence that was greater than 95 % homologous to MMTV was sequenced out of human breast cancer tissue including a correct integration into the human genome.
In the lab, MMTV was shown to readily infect canine and feline tissue culture cells.
The first Wnt gene was discovered by Roeland Nusse and Harold Varmus in 1982 when they observed activation of Int1 ( integration 1 ) in the breast tumors of mice infected with mouse mammary tumor virus ( MMTV ), in which Int was identified as a vertebrate gene near several integration sites of MMTV.
MMTV and formerly
The mouse mammary tumor virus ( MMTV ) has formerly been classified as a simple retrovirus, however, it has recently been established, that MMTV encodes an extra self-regulatory mRNA export protein, Rem, with resemblance to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV Rev protein, and is therefore the first complex murine retrovirus to be documented
MMTV and virus
Mouse mammary tumor virus ( MMTV ) is a milk transmitted retrovirus like the HTL viruses, HI viruses and BLV.
The majority of mammary tumors in mice are caused by mouse mammary tumor virus ( MMTV ).
As a retrovirus the mouse mammary tumor virus ( MMTV ) is able to insert its viral genome in the host genome.
As a result mice with endogenous MMTV have the virus ’ s DNA in every cell of its body, as the virus is present in the DNA of the sperm or egg cell from which the animal is conceived.
As the infected mice develop mammary tumors in adulthood, MMTV has inspired the search for a human breast cancer virus.
Early indications of MMTV ( or MMTV like ) virus involvement were confused by the presence of Human Endogenous RetroVirus ( HERV ) sequences that have a much lower level of homology to MMTV than HMTV.
It is emerging that many human breast cancers contain part of the env gene of a virus that is very close to MMTV.
MMTV is an interesting virus for human diseases.
In the last few years a number of labs have found MMTV like DNA in human breast cancer tissue and most recently, the virus has been shown to be able to productively infect human cells, possibly suggesting that an MMTV like virus may play a role in human breast cancer.
These toxins are encoded by SAg genes that were incorporated into the mouse genome from the mouse mammary tumour virus ( MMTV ).
Mutations of the wingless gene in the fruit fly were found in wingless flies, while tumors caused by MMTV were found to have copies of the virus integrated into the genome forcing overproduction of one of several Wnt genes.
MMTV and breast
MMTV has been found in human breast cancer.
While some consider the presence of MMTV in humans controversial, there is a large amount of evidence that MMTV ( or a very close relative ) plays a role in some human breast cancers.
The MMTV promoter is used in the PyMT model system of breast cancer.
Here Py is the abbreviation of polyoma and MT is the abbreviation for middle T. There are more model systems of breast cancer which use the MMTV promoter.
MMTV and by
The tumors caused by MMTV in mice are benign and in general do not metastasize.
* insertional tumorigenesis by MMTV
MMTV and demonstrated
Endogenous MMTV reacts to the whole range of hormones that regulate normal mammary development and lactation, response has been demonstrated to steroid hormones ( androgens, glucocorticoids and progestins ), as well as prolactin.
MMTV and .
MMTV codes for the retroviral structural genes and additionally for a superantigen.
MMTV can be transferred either through an exogenous or endogenous route.
These were traces of one or more viruses similar to MMTV.
MMTV has also been implicated in other human diseases.
In the mouse, MMTV can also cause leukemia.
Biliary epithelial cells infected with MMTV convert to the same pathology as those found in PBC patients.
The well documented MMTV pathogenesis helps to understand the action of superantigens in human disease.
was and formerly
The fear of disease was formerly very much the kind of fear I have tried to describe.
And, for the moment at least, the governor now found himself allied with the head of the Crittenden faction he had formerly opposed, and Pike was credited with a clear triumph over Woodruff.
While the regulations formerly required that the hearing officer's report be placed in the registrant's file, this requirement was eliminated in 1952.
With greater investments in plant facilities, with automation growing, you can't switch around, either in volume or in product design, as much as was formerly possible -- or at least not as economically.
Curtis Allen Huff, 41, of 1630 Lake Av., Wilmette, was arrested yesterday on a suppressed federal warrant charging him with embezzling an undetermined amount of money from the First Federal Savings and Loan association, 1 S. Dearborn St., where he formerly was employed as an attorney.
And while the nation was formerly named `` The Islamic Republic of Pakistan '', it is now simply `` The Republic of Pakistan ''.
The aardwolf is usually classified with the Hyaenidae, though it was formerly placed into the family Protelidae.
It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae.
The simplest alcohol is methanol,, which was formerly obtained by the distillation of wood and, therefore, is called " wood alcohol ".
The building was formerly the State Bank Building until the collapse of the State Bank in 1991 and then the Santos House until 2006.
The large sign, formerly reading " University of Lawsonomy ", was a familiar landmark for motorists in the region for many years and was visible from I-94 about 13 miles north of the Illinois state line, on the east side of the highway.
Anbar was adjacent or identical to the Babylonian Jewish center of Nehardea ( Hebrew: ), and lies a short distance from the present-day town of Fallujah, formerly the Babylonian Jewish center of Pumbeditha ( Hebrew: ).
If so, Alcuin's origins may lie in the southern part of what was formerly known as Deira.
It was formerly the residence of historical novelist and poet, Walter Scott.
The fact that the name occurs on these gems in connection with representations of figures with the head of a cock, a lion, or an ass, and the tail of a serpent was formerly taken in the light of what Irenaeus says about the followers of Basilides:
* Assault with intent to resist arrest: under section 7 ( 1 )( b ); this offence was formerly created by s. 38 of the OAPA 1861.
There was also formerly a Royal Astronomer of Ireland.
The cities of Belo Horizonte, Brazil and Elche, Spain were formerly sister cities, but upon a vote of the Austin City Council in 1991, their status was de-activated.
Many area codes reserved 999 ; 320 was also formerly reserved in Bell Canada territory.
In 1815 he was commissioned by the Pope to superintend the transmission from Paris of those works of art which had formerly been conveyed thither under the direction of Napoleon.
Backman was formerly manager of the Class A California League Lancaster JetHawks, one of the Diamondbacks ' minor-league affiliates.
When Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah's conspiracy against David, his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark ( 1 Kings 2: 26 ).
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