*" Mercer " or " Mercer's Bacterial Disease " is a common misnomer for the acronym MRSA or Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

This type of scarring is often associated with acne, chickenpox, other diseases Staphylococcus ( or MRSA ) infection, surgery, or accidents.

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, abbreviated MRSA and often pronounced or, is one of a number of greatly feared strains of S. aureus which have become resistant to most antibiotics.

As such, the glycopeptide vancomycin is often deployed against MRSA.

Despite this, MRSA generally remained an uncommon finding, even in hospital settings, until the 1990s, when there was an explosion in MRSA prevalence in hospitals, where it is now endemic.

First-line treatment for serious invasive infections due to MRSA is currently glycopeptide antibiotics ( vancomycin and teicoplanin ).

In situations where the incidence of MRSA infections is known to be high, the attending physician may choose to use a glycopeptide antibiotic until the identity of the infecting organism is known.

Spread of S. aureus ( including MRSA ) generally is through human-to-human contact, although recently some veterinarians have discovered the infection can be spread through pets, with environmental contamination thought to play a relatively unimportant part.

An important and previously unrecognized means of community-associated MRSA colonization and transmission is during sexual contact.

James was hospitalized in January 2010 to treat an infection caused by MRSA, a bacterium that is resistant to most antibiotic treatment.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) is a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans.

MRSA is any strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins ( methicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, etc.

MRSA is especially troublesome in hospitals, prisons, schools, and nursing homes, where patients with open wounds, invasive devices, and weakened immune systems are at greater risk of infection than the general public.

The initial presentation of MRSA is small red bumps that resemble pimples, spider bites, or boils ; they may be accompanied by fever and, occasionally, rashes.

However, newly emerging CA-MRSA is transmissible ( similar, but with very important differences ) from Hospital-Associated MRSA.

CA-MRSA is less likely than other forms of MRSA to cause cellulitis.

* People who spend time in coastal waters where MRSA is present, such as some beaches in Florida and the west coast of the United States

When infections occur in this manner it is known as healthcare acquired MRSA or HA-MRSA.

CC398 is a new clone of MRSA that has emerged in animals and is found in intensively reared production animals ( primarily pigs, but also cattle and poultry ), where it can be transmitted to humans.

MRSA is thought to have caused 1, 652 deaths in 2006 in UK up from 51 in 1993.

In a meta-analysis of 31 studies, Cosgrove et al .,< ref > concluded that MRSA bacteremia is associated with increased mortality as compared with MSSA bacteremia ( odds ratio

MRSA is sometimes sub-categorised as community-acquired MRSA ( CA-MRSA ) or healthcare-associated MRSA ( HA-MRSA ), although the distinction is complex.

* ' MRSA in farm animals and meat ' ( 2007 ) This report focuses on a major new antibiotic-resistance problem in farming, which may have serious consequences for human health.

The hospital also plays a major role in the analysis and diagnoses of MRSA.

The widespread use and misuse of antibiotics has resulted in increased microbial resistance to antibiotics in clinical use, to the point that the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) has been described as a " superbug " because of the threat it poses to health and its relative invulnerability to existing drugs.

In the United Kingdom, the UK Department of health published their finding about risk factors associated with increased MRSA infection, now include intravenous cannula, central venous catheters and urinary catheters as the main factors increasing the risk of spreading antibiotic resistant strain bacteria.

His cause of death was complications from a liver transplant, that became necessary and was nearly successful ; his health, however, quickly worsened due to a Staphylococcus ( MRSA ) infection, and he died in London on 14 June 1995.

While resistant to most beta lactam antibiotics commonly used for skin infections, it remains sensitive to alternative antibiotics, e. g., clindamycin ( Cleocin ), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ( Bactrim ), and doxycycline ( unlike hospital-acquired MRSA that may only be sensitive to vancomycin IV ).

These were significant for their activity against β-lactamase-producing bacterial species, but were ineffective against the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) strains that subsequently emerged.

Fluoroquinolones are considered high-risk antibiotics for the development of Clostridium difficile and MRSA infections.

* JNJ-Q2 Completed Phase II for MRSA

Transpeptidases, such as the sortases responsible for anchoring factors like Protein A to the staphylococcal peptidoglycan, are being studied in hopes of developing new antibiotics to target MRSA infections.

This allows for resistance to all β-lactam antibiotics, and obviates their clinical use during MRSA infections.

Because of the high level of resistance to penicillins and because of the potential for MRSA to develop resistance to vancomycin, the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published guidelines for the appropriate use of vancomycin.

Healthy individuals may carry MRSA asymptomatically for periods ranging from a few weeks to many years.

Combined with extra sanitary measures for those in contact with infected patients, screening patients admitted to hospitals has been found to be effective in minimizing the spread of MRSA in hospitals in the United States, Denmark, Finland, and the Netherlands.

reported on the changing epidemiology of MRSA skin infection in the San Francisco County Jail, noting the MRSA accounted for more than 70 % of S. aureus infection in the jail by 2002.

In response to these and many other reports on MRSA infections among incarcerated and recently incarcerated persons, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has released guidelines for the management and control of the infections although few studies provide an evidence base for these guidelines.

By 2004 MRSA accounted for 64 % of hospital-acquired S. aureus infections in the United States.

Several studies, however, including one by Blot and colleagues, that have adjusted for underlying disease still found MRSA bacteremia to have a higher attributable mortality than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus ( MSSA ) bacteremia.

More recently, showering or bathing with 2 % triclosan has become a recommended regimen for the decolonization of patients whose skin is carrying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) following the successful control of MRSA outbreaks in several clinical settings.

Since A. polyphaga can form cysts, cysts infected with MRSA can act as a mode of airborne dispersal for MRSA.

Most notably, in the application of PDT as an antimicrobial treatment for drug resistant MRSA and TB infections.