Seven Founders -- George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay -- determined the destinies of the new nation.

As Madison commented to Jefferson in 1789, `` We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us.

Historians have traditionally regarded the great debates of the Seventeen Nineties as polarizing the issues of centralized vs. limited government, with Hamilton and the nationalists supporting the former and Jefferson and Madison upholding the latter position.

The state's rights position was formulated by Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves, but in their later careers as heads of state the two proved themselves better Hamiltonians than Jeffersonians.

In purchasing Louisiana, Jefferson had to adopt Hamilton's broad construction of the Constitution, and so did Madison in advocating the rechartering of Hamilton's bank, which he had so strenuously opposed at its inception, and in adopting a Hamiltonian protective tariff.

Opposition to them resulted in the highly controversial Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, authored by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.

Jefferson and James Madison also secretly drafted the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions denouncing the federal legislation, though state legislatures rejected these resolutions.

Though the resolutions followed the " interposition " approach of James Madison, Jefferson advocated nullification and at one point drafted a threat for Kentucky to secede.

" Chernow argues that neither Jefferson nor Madison sensed that they had sponsored measures as inimical as the Alien and Sedition Acts themselves.

In 1787, James Madison wrote Thomas Jefferson in France for background information on constitutional government to use at the Constitutional Convention.

* Presidents Park – Freshmen – Completed in 1989, and housing approximately 1, 100 students in twelve halls ( Adams, Kennedy, Roosevelt, Harrison, Lincoln, Truman, Jackson, Madison, Wilson, Jefferson, Monroe, Washington ).

Breaking with Hamilton and what became the Federalist Party in 1791, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican Party ( later called by historians the Democratic-Republican Party ) He co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts.

As Jefferson ’ s Secretary of State ( 1801 – 1809 ), Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the nation ’ s size.

As a young man during the American Revolutionary War, Madison served in the Virginia state legislature ( 1776 – 79 ), where he became known as a protégé of the delegate Thomas Jefferson.

Madison attained prominence in Virginia politics, working with Jefferson to draft the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which was finally passed in 1786.

Working closely with Madison and Jefferson, Bishop Madison helped lead the College through the changes involving separation from both Great Britain and the Church of England.

Madison and Thomas Jefferson were the leaders of this second group.

As early as May 26, 1792, Hamilton complained, " Mr. Madison cooperating with Mr. Jefferson is at the head of a faction decidedly hostile to me and my administration.

Congressman Madison and Vice President Jefferson were outraged.

Madison and Jefferson secretly drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts to be unconstitutional and noted that " states, in contesting obnoxious laws, should ' interpose for arresting the progress of the evil.

Jefferson went further, urging states to secede if necessary, though Madison convinced Jefferson to back down from this extreme view.

On September 15, 1794, James Madison married Dolley Payne Todd, a young widow, at Harewood, in what is now Jefferson County, West Virginia.

When, in 1832, the South Carolina nullifiers adopted the principle of state interposition which Madison had advanced in his old Virginia Resolve, they elicited no encouragement from that senior statesman.

While a Senator, Kennedy had unsuccessfully pushed a bill to preserve the Belasco Theater, as well as the Dolley Madison and the Benjamin Taylor houses, all scheduled for razing.

Unlike many children, Simon was exposed to the idea that human behavior could be studied scientifically at a relatively young age due to the influence of his mother ’ s younger brother, Harold Merkel, who had studied economics at the University of Wisconsin – Madison under John R. Commons.

President James Madison appointed Adams as the first ever United States Minister to Russia in 1809 ( though Francis Dana and William Short had previously been nominated to the post, neither presented his credentials at Saint Petersburg ).

After the constitution had been drafted, Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify it.

Madison found the war to be an administrative nightmare, as the United States had neither a strong army nor financial system ; as a result, he afterward supported a stronger national government and a strong military, as well as the national bank, which he had long opposed.

James Madison, Jr. was born at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia on March 16, 1751, ( March 5, 1751, Old Style, Julian calendar ), where his mother had returned to her parents ' home to give birth.

His father, James Madison, Sr. ( 1723 – 1801 ), was a tobacco planter who grew up on a plantation, then called Mount Pleasant, in Orange County, Virginia, which he had inherited upon reaching adulthood.

" Indeed, Madison and Freneau would have become brothers-in-law had Freneau's favorite sister, Mary, accepted Madison's repeated proposals of marriage.

But although Mary greatly admired and respected Madison, she had determined to stay single — the only way a woman of her intelligence and accomplishments could hope to pursue her interests and remain independent in that era.

This " excessive democracy ," Madison grew to believe, was the cause of a larger social decay which he and others ( such as Washington ) believed had resumed after the revolution and was nearing a tipping point.

The historian Gordon S. Wood has noted that many leaders such as Madison and Washington, feared more that the revolution had not fixed the social problems that had triggered it, and the excesses ascribed to the King were being seen in the state legislatures.

As Madison wrote, " a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired.

In the Virginia ratifying convention, Madison, who was a terrible public speaker, had to go up against Henry, who was the finest orator in the country.

Madison pointed out that a limited government would be created, and that the powers delegated ‘ to the federal government are few and defined .” Madison persuaded prominent figures such as George Mason and Edmund Randolph, who had refused to endorse the constitution at the convention, to change their position and support it at the ratifying convention.

Madison had been a delegate to the Confederation Congress, and wanted to be elected senator in the new government.

Later as president, Madison was told by some of his former constituents that, had it not been for unusually bad weather on election day, Monroe likely would have won.

Madison objected to a specific bill of rights for several reasons: he thought it was unnecessary, since it purported to protect against powers that the federal government had not been granted ; that it was dangerous, since enumeration of some rights might be taken to imply the absence of other rights ; and that at the state level, bills of rights had proven to be useless paper barriers against government powers.

Her eye-candy role, Tawny Madison, contrasts outrageously with the no-nonsense warrant officer Ellen Ripley of the Alien series, also played by Weaver.

Great emphasis also was placed on speech and debate ; Madison helped found the American Whig – Cliosophic Society, in direct competition to fellow student Aaron Burr's Cliosophic Society.

He served on the college's Board of Visitors under Jefferson and under the second rector James Madison, also a former president, almost until his death.

James Madison University ( also known as JMU, Madison, or James Madison ) is a public coeducational research university located in Harrisonburg, Virginia, U. S. Founded in 1908 as the State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg, the university has undergone four name changes before settling with James Madison University.

James Madison also opposed South Carolina's position on nullification.

In mid-2003, due to cross-contamination at a Madison, Wisconsin-area pet swap from an unquarantined Gambian pouched rat imported from Ghana, several prairie dogs in captivity acquired monkeypox, and subsequently a few humans were also infected.

Duncan, Madison, and Saulsberry also performed with Randy Jones as guest, in 2001.

While these primarily test the riders endurance abilities, the ability to sprint effectively is also required in the Madison, Points Race and Scratch Race.

Trident were also retrofitted onto 12 SSBNs of the James Madison and Benjamin Franklin classes, replacing Poseidon missiles.

As Madison noted, the Treason Clause also was designed to limit the power of the federal government to punish its citizens for “ adhering to United States ’ s enemies, giving them aid and comfort .”"

Chief Justice Morrison Waite, who consulted the historian George Bancroft, also discussed at some length the Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments by James Madison, who drafted the First Amendment ; Madison used the metaphor of a " great barrier.

Smaller marches also occur in Boston, Seattle, and Madison, Wisconsin.

* Epic Systems ( also known as Epic ), a healthcare software company in Madison, Wisconsin

Competitions in North America were also held indoors, for example in Madison Square Garden, New York, and therefore on shorter tracks than usual for outdoor skating.

Sitting Vice President George Clinton, who had served under Thomas Jefferson, was also a candidate for President, garnering six electoral votes from a wing of the Democratic-Republican Party that disapproved of James Madison.

First Lady Dolley Madison is also closely associated with the early history of ice cream in the United States.

Rickshaws are also available in downtown Madison, Wisconsin, on State Street where normal automobile traffic is not allowed.

Being named for the much-admired founding father James Madison, who had just died, and having streets named for each of the 39 signers of the Constitution, may have also helped attract votes.

César Pelli's 181 West Madison Street Building in Chicago is also thought to be inspired by Saarinen's design.