" For example, James Madison argued for a constitutional republic with protections for individual liberty over a pure democracy, reasoning that, in a pure democracy, a " common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole ... and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party ...."

While Henry's arguments were emotional appeals to possible unintended consequences, Madison responded with rational answers to these arguments ; he eventually argued that Henry's claims were becoming absurd.

Madison then argued that a state, after declaring a federal law unconstitutional, could take action by communicating with other states, attempting to enlist their support, petitioning Congress to repeal the law in question, introducing amendments to the Constitution in Congress, or calling a constitutional convention.

Many people believed he, and other Jeffersonians such as James Madison, were being hypocritical by doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton.

Furthermore, it has been argued that the Supreme Court should have been able to issue the writ on original jurisdiction based on the fact that Article III of the Constitution granted it the right to review on original jurisdiction " all cases affecting … public ministers and consuls ," and that James Madison, Secretary of State at the time and defendant of the suit, should have fallen into that category of a " public minister consul.

The Founding Fathers of the United States rarely praised and often criticized democracy, which in their time tended to specifically mean direct democracy ; James Madison argued, that what distinguished a democracy from a republic was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very structure.

The leading critics of the law, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, argued for the Acts ' unconstitutionality based on the First Amendment, among other Constitutional provisions ( e. g. Tenth Amendment ).

The eugenicist Madison Grant argued that the Nordic race had been responsible for most of humanity's great achievements, and that admixture was " race suicide ".

Constitutional scholars from James Madison to the present day have argued that the term " Officer " excludes members of Congress.

In his " Federalist No. 43 ", published January 23, 1788, James Madison argued that the new federal government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance and safety.

James Madison, then a member of the House of Representatives, argued that the treaty could not, under Constitutional law, take effect without approval of the House, since it regulated commerce and exercised legislative powers granted to Congress.

Historial Gilbert Osofsky has argued that Phillips's nationalism was shaped by a religious ideology derived from the European Enlightenment as expressed by Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.

But Madison feared that the growing support for this doctrine would undermine the union and argued that by ratifying the Constitution states had transferred their sovereignty to the federal government.

Madison argued that a conspiracy of large states against the small states was unrealistic as the large states were so different from each other.

After retiring from the presidency, Madison argued in his detached memoranda for a stronger separation of church and state, opposing the very presidential issuing of religious proclamations he himself had done, and also opposing the appointment of chaplains to Congress.

Prior to the District's founding, James Madison argued in Federalist No. 43 that the national capital needed to be distinct from the states in order to provide for its own maintenance and safety.

Concerned that monied Northern aristocrats would take advantage of the bank to exploit the South, Madison now argued that congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a bank.

Framer James Madison argued in the Federalist Papers that a danger to democracies were factions, which he defined as a group that pushed its interests to the detriment of the national interest.

A 2006 study of the 2004 and 2002 campaigns by political scientists Mayer, Werner, and Williams of the University of Wisconsin — Madison argued that the GAO " understate the reforms ' impact, in part by making some unusual methodological choices and jettisoning valuable data.

Madison affirmed each part of the Virginia Resolution, and again argued that the states have the right to interpose when they believe a federal law is unconstitutional.

" Madison argued that interposition would involve some sort of joint action among the states, such as amending the Constitution.

" Critics of Black's reasoning ( most notably, former Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ) have argued that the majority of states did have " official " churches at the time of the First Amendment's adoption and that James Madison, not Jefferson, was the principal drafter.

Proponents argued that " magnet jurisdictions " such as Madison County, Illinois were rife with abuse of the class action procedure.

In 1960, he published Legacy of Suppression: Freedom of Speech and Press in Early American History, in which he argued that the law governing freedom of the press, and thus the original intention of the First Amendment's free-press clauses, was narrower than the generally libertarian views held by James Madison -- and, in particular, that the law of freedom of the press included the old English common-law crime of seditious libel.

In purchasing Louisiana, Jefferson had to adopt Hamilton's broad construction of the Constitution, and so did Madison in advocating the rechartering of Hamilton's bank, which he had so strenuously opposed at its inception, and in adopting a Hamiltonian protective tariff.

When, in 1832, the South Carolina nullifiers adopted the principle of state interposition which Madison had advanced in his old Virginia Resolve, they elicited no encouragement from that senior statesman.

While a Senator, Kennedy had unsuccessfully pushed a bill to preserve the Belasco Theater, as well as the Dolley Madison and the Benjamin Taylor houses, all scheduled for razing.

" Chernow argues that neither Jefferson nor Madison sensed that they had sponsored measures as inimical as the Alien and Sedition Acts themselves.

Unlike many children, Simon was exposed to the idea that human behavior could be studied scientifically at a relatively young age due to the influence of his mother ’ s younger brother, Harold Merkel, who had studied economics at the University of Wisconsin – Madison under John R. Commons.

President James Madison appointed Adams as the first ever United States Minister to Russia in 1809 ( though Francis Dana and William Short had previously been nominated to the post, neither presented his credentials at Saint Petersburg ).

After the constitution had been drafted, Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify it.

Madison found the war to be an administrative nightmare, as the United States had neither a strong army nor financial system ; as a result, he afterward supported a stronger national government and a strong military, as well as the national bank, which he had long opposed.

James Madison, Jr. was born at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia on March 16, 1751, ( March 5, 1751, Old Style, Julian calendar ), where his mother had returned to her parents ' home to give birth.

His father, James Madison, Sr. ( 1723 – 1801 ), was a tobacco planter who grew up on a plantation, then called Mount Pleasant, in Orange County, Virginia, which he had inherited upon reaching adulthood.

" Indeed, Madison and Freneau would have become brothers-in-law had Freneau's favorite sister, Mary, accepted Madison's repeated proposals of marriage.

But although Mary greatly admired and respected Madison, she had determined to stay single — the only way a woman of her intelligence and accomplishments could hope to pursue her interests and remain independent in that era.

This " excessive democracy ," Madison grew to believe, was the cause of a larger social decay which he and others ( such as Washington ) believed had resumed after the revolution and was nearing a tipping point.

The historian Gordon S. Wood has noted that many leaders such as Madison and Washington, feared more that the revolution had not fixed the social problems that had triggered it, and the excesses ascribed to the King were being seen in the state legislatures.

As Madison wrote, " a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired.

In the Virginia ratifying convention, Madison, who was a terrible public speaker, had to go up against Henry, who was the finest orator in the country.

Madison pointed out that a limited government would be created, and that the powers delegated ‘ to the federal government are few and defined .” Madison persuaded prominent figures such as George Mason and Edmund Randolph, who had refused to endorse the constitution at the convention, to change their position and support it at the ratifying convention.

Madison had been a delegate to the Confederation Congress, and wanted to be elected senator in the new government.

Later as president, Madison was told by some of his former constituents that, had it not been for unusually bad weather on election day, Monroe likely would have won.

Madison objected to a specific bill of rights for several reasons: he thought it was unnecessary, since it purported to protect against powers that the federal government had not been granted ; that it was dangerous, since enumeration of some rights might be taken to imply the absence of other rights ; and that at the state level, bills of rights had proven to be useless paper barriers against government powers.