He was the son of Sultan Mahmud II and succeeded his brother Abdülmecid I in 1861.

Abdülhamid was imprisoned for most of the first forty-two years of his life by his cousins Mahmud I and Osman III and his older brother Mustafa III, as was custom.

Brill and Farishta have recorded that the complete conversion of Afghanistan, Pakistan to Islam was during the rule of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.

The most renowned of the dynasty's rulers was Mahmud of Ghazni, who consolidated control over the areas south of the Amu Darya then carried out devastating raids into India.

Mahmud Shah's first reign lasted for only two years before he was replaced by Shuja Shah.

Only a few weeks after signing the agreement, Shuja was deposed by his predecessor, Mahmud.

Mahmud alienated the Barakzai, especially Fateh Khan, the son of Painda Khan, who was eventually seized and blinded.

A census was taken in the Ottoman Empire 1831-38 by Sultan Mahmud II ( 1808 – 1839 ) as a part of the reform movement Tanzimat.

This came through the influence of Mahmud Tarzi, who was both Amanullah Khan's father-in-law and Foreign Minister.

Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet, journalist, and diplomat, was a key figure that brought Western dress and etiquette to Afghanistan.

It was written in the Tarikh-i Firishta ( 1606 – 1607 ) that Nasir ud din Mahmud the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate presented the envoy of the Mongol ruler Hulegu Khan with a dazzling pyrotechnics display upon his arrival in Delhi in 1258 AD.

Aziz was killed about two years later by Mirwais ' son Mahmud Hotaki, allegedly for planning to give Kandahar's sovereignty back to Persia.

Mahmud began a reign of terror against his Persian subjects and was eventually murdered in 1725 by his cousin, Ashraf Hotaki.

A key force behind these reforms was Mahmud Tarzi, Amanullah Khan's Foreign Minister and father-in-law — and an ardent supporter of the education of women.

The region of Herāt was under the rule of King Nuh III, the seventh of the Samanid line — at the time of Sebük Tigin and his older son, Mahmud of Ghazni.

Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier.

Out of this arose the renowned corps of Janissaries, which was considered the scourge of the Balkans and Central Europe for a long time, until it was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826.

Zheng He ( 1371 – 1433 ), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho and also known as Ma Sanbao and Hajji Mahmud Shamsuddin, was a Muslim Hui-Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, Somalia and the Swahili coast, collectively referred to as the " Voyages of Zheng He " from 1405 to 1433.

He was the younger brother of Giuseppe Donizetti, who had become, in 1828, Instructor General of the Imperial Ottoman Music at the court of Sultan Mahmud II ( 1808 – 1839 ).

However the Ilyas Shahi dynasty was restored by Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah.

The peasant grew tired of waiting for payment and was pressured into selling it to Nicholas Mourousi, Grand Dragoman of the Fleet, working as a translator for Sultan Mahmud II in Constantinople ( present day Istanbul, Turkey ).

In 1821, Mourousi was executed by order of Sultan Mahmud II in front of the arsenal in Constantinople.

He was killed by Abu Sa ' id Mirza the ruler of Timurid Empire and took possession of Badakhshan, which after his death fell to his son, Sultan Mahmud, who had three sons, Baysinghar Mirza, Ali Mirza and Khan Mirza.

Mahmud Karzai's purchase of the 7 % stake in Kabul Bank was also financed entirely through money lent by Kabul Bank with the shares as collateral.

This small temple of Hathor was unearthed south of the great wall of the Hout-Ka-Ptah by Abdullah al-Sayed Mahmud in the 1970s and also dates from the time of Rameses II.

Map from Mahmud al-Kashgari's Diwanu Lughat at-Turk, showing the 11th century distribution of Turkic tribes. Turkistan, spelled also as Turkestan, literally means " Land of the Turks ".

< p >" Mahmud ibn Lubayd also said, " The Prophet came out and announced, ' O people, beware of secret Shirk!

The city is served by Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport which has scheduled flights to many cities in Indonesia and also to Singapore by Silk Air and Malaysia by AirAsia.

" Mahmud also created an appeal system by a criminal to one of the Kazasker ( chief military judge ) of Asia or Europe, and finally to the Sultan himself, if the criminal chose to persist in his appeal.

Mahmud II also addressed some of the worst abuses connected with the Vakifs, by placing their revenues under state administration.

Mustafa then ascended his throne, assuming that Mahmud was also dead, but the prince had been hiding in the furnace of a bath.

* Giuseppe Donizetti also known as Donizetti Pasha, the eldest brother of Gaetano Donizetti, who became Instructor-General of the Ottoman Military Bands under Sultan Mahmud II and Sultan Abdulmecid I was born in Bergamo in 1788.

Nur ad-Din ( February 1118 – 15 May 1174 ), also known as Nur ed-Din or Nur al-Din (, / ISO 233: / ), full name Nur ad-Din Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Imad ad-Din Zangi, was a member of the Turkic Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.

The triconsonantal root Ḥ-M-D ( ح م د ), meaning " praise ," can also be found in the names Muhammad, Mahmud, and Ahmad.

Mahmud also was already planning reforms borrowed from the West, and Muhammad Ali, who had had plenty of opportunity of observing the superiority of European methods of warfare, was determined to anticipate the sultan in the creation of a fleet and an army on European lines, partly as a measure of precaution, partly as an instrument for the realization of yet wider schemes of ambition.

His first name, Mahmud, is also sometimes spelled as Mahmood by some sources.

Mahmud also massacares the Ismailis of Multan in the course of his conquest.

In addition to this, the Pakistan Military Academy, where cadets are trained for becoming Officers of the Pakistan Army also gives tribute the Mahmud of Ghazni by naming one of its twelve companies ; Ghaznavi Company.

He also restored his father's officials, Mahmud Yalavach, Masud Beg and Chinqai to positions in the provinces.

He also advanced a modernist constitution that incorporated equal rights and individual freedoms with the guidance of his father-in-law and Foreign Minister Mahmud Tarzi.

His father Mahmud Ali Kasuri, also continues his ties with Congress Party until 1940 when his father was subsequently sentenced to four months in imprisonment.

She also met with the mother of Mahmud II, who afterward reportedly convinced her son to leave Bouboulina's property alone.

He also studied Arabic, Turkish, Greek, the vernacular languages of India and Sindh, and perhaps even Hebrew ; and had visited Multan and Lahore, and the splendid Ghaznavid court under Sultan Mahmud, Firdousi's patron.

" Mahmud also created an appeal system by a criminal to one of the Kazaskers of Asia or Europe, and finally to the Sultan himself, if the criminal chose to persist in his appeal.

Mahmud II also addressed some of the worst abuses connected with the Vakifs, by placing their revenues under state administration.

While in the capital city of Baku, Ameri also met with the President of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Mahmud Karimov and the leadership of the Academy's Manuscripts Institute, promising American help in preserving the country's ancient manuscripts.