Importantly, Maimonides, while enumerating the above, added the following caveat " There is no difference between Biblical statement ' his wife was Mehithabel ' 10, 6 on the one hand an " unimportant " verse, and ' Hear, O Israel ' on the other an " important " verse ... anyone who denies even such verses thereby denies God and shows contempt for his teachings more than any other skeptic, because he holds that the Torah can be divided into essential and non-essential parts ..." The uniqueness of the 13 fundamental beliefs was that even a rejection out of ignorance placed one outside Judaism, whereas the rejection of the rest of Torah must be a conscious act to stamp one as an unbeliever.

Encouraged, however, by letters signed by the rabbis of Argentière and Lunel, and particularly by the support of Kalonymus ben Todros, the nasi of Narbonne, and of the eminent Talmudist Asheri of Toledo, Ben Adret issued a decree, signed by thirty-three rabbis of Barcelona, excommunicating those who should, within the next fifty years, study physics or metaphysics before their thirtieth year of age ( basing his action on the principle laid down by Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed part one chapter 34 ), and had the order promulgated in the synagogue on Sabbath, July 26, 1305.

According to Maimonides, the correct view of providence lies with Elihu, who teaches Job that one must examine his religion ().

He believed, according to Maimonides, that one has to practice religion in a rational way.

According to Maimonides, any Jew who rejects even one of these principles would be considered an apostate and a heretic.

Owing to this intimate connection with the ibn Tibbons, Anatoli was introduced to the philosophy of Maimonides, the study of which was such a great revelation to him that he, in later days, referred to it as the beginning of his intelligent and true comprehension of the Scriptures, while he frequently alluded to Ibn Tibbon as one of the two masters who had instructed and inspired him.

The belief in a personal Messiah of the Davidic line is a universal tenet of faith among Orthodox Jews and one of Maimonides ' thirteen principles of faith.

Mosheh ben Maimon ( משה בן מימון )‎, called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (), or RaMBaM ( רמב " ם – Hebrew acronym for " Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon "), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages.

But Maimonides was also one of the most influential figures in medieval Jewish philosophy.

* Rabbi Samson of Sens ( France ) was, apart from Maimonides, one of the few rabbis of the early medieval era to compose a Mishnah commentary on some tractates.

Belief in the eventual coming of a future messiah is a fundamental part of Judaism, and is one of Maimonides ' 13 Principles of Faith.

Maimonides ruled that a woman who found her husband " repugnant " could compel a divorce, " because she is not like a captive, to be subjected to intercourse with one who is hateful to her.

( Maimonides, for one, notes this often in The Guide.

In a 1989 survey of 126 US medical schools, only three reported usage of the original oath, while thirty-three used the Declaration of Geneva, sixty-seven used a modified Hippocratic oath, four used the Prayer of Maimonides, one used a covenant, eight used another oath, one used an unknown oath, and two did not use any kind of oath.

This work was so important in Jewish law that Yosef Karo included the ROSH together with Maimonides and Isaac Alfasi as one of the three major poskim ( decisors ) considered in determining the final ruling in his Shulkhan Arukh.

Maimonides rules that one who becomes angry is as though that person had worshipped idols.

Maimonides writes that to the wise man, one sees that what the Bible and Talmud refer to as " angels " are actually allusions for the various laws of nature ; they are the principles by which the physical universe operates.

He pioneered the Maimonides School, one of the first Hebrew day schools in Boston in 1937.

Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) was one of the greatest scholars of the Middle Ages, and is arguably one of the most widely accepted scholars among the Jewish people since the closing of the Talmud in 500.

Before Maimonides concluded this, Sunni Muslims officially prohibited mutah ( i. e. temporary marriage ) relationships ; some commentators ' suggest that Maimonides changed his view in response to this development, similar to Gershom ben Judah's ban on polygamy being made after Christians had prohibited it.

In his commentary on the Talmud, Maimonides ( Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon ) wrote:

* The work of the Rosh, Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel ( 1250 ?/ 1259 ?– 1328 ), an abstract of the Talmud, concisely stating the final halakhic decision and quoting later authorities, notably Alfasi, Maimonides, and the Tosafists.

In writing the Shulchan Aruch, Rabbi Karo based his rulings on three authorities — Maimonides ( Rambam ), Asher ben Jehiel ( Rosh ), and Isaac Alfasi ( Rif ); he considered the Mordechai in inconclusive cases.

The Medieval rabbinic figure Maimonides ( Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon ), also known as the Rambam, wrote a commentary to tractate Sanhedrin stressing a relatively naturalistic interpretation of the Messiah and de-emphasizing miraculous elements.

* Abraham ben Moses Maimonides

In Latin, the Hebrew " ben " ( son of ) becomes the Greek − style suffix "- ides " to form " Moses Maimonides ".

It was also an important resource in the study of the Babylonian Talmud by the Kairouan school of Hananel ben Hushiel and Nissim Gaon, with the result that opinions ultimately based on the Jerusalem Talmud found their way into both the Tosafot and the Mishneh Torah of Maimonides.

Jewish neo-Aristotelian philosophers, who are still influential today, include Maimonides, Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and Gersonides.

Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides or " The Rambam " ( 1135-1204 CE ), lived at a time when both Christianity and Islam were developing active theologies.

The successors of Maimonides, from the 13th to the 15th century — Nahmanides, Abba Mari ben Moses, Simon ben Zemah Duran, Joseph Albo, Isaac Arama, and Joseph Jaabez — narrowed his 13 articles to three core beliefs: Belief in God ; in Creation ( or revelation ); and in providence ( or retribution ).

On the other hand, David ben Yom-Tob ibn Bilia, in his " Yesodot ha-Maskil " ( Fundamentals of the Thinking Man ), adds to the 13 of Maimonides 13 of his own — a number which a contemporary of Albo also chose for his fundamentals ; while Jedaiah Penini, in the last chapter of his " Behinat ha-Dat ," enumerated no less than 35 cardinal principles.

* Hilchot Deot by Maimonides ( Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon )

* The Eight Chapters by Maimonides ( Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon )

; 1135 – 1204: Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, aka Maimonides or the Rambam is the leading rabbi of Sephardic Jewry.

These writings are: " Milhamot HaShem ," defending Alfasi against the criticisms of Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona ( published with the " Alfasi ," Venice, 1552 ; frequently reprinted ; separate edition, Berlin, 1759 ); " Sefer ha-Zekhut ," in defense of Alfasi against the criticisms of Abraham ben David ( RABaD ; printed with Abraham Meldola's " Shiv ' ah ' Enayim ," Leghorn, 1745 ; under the title " Machaseh u-Magen ," Venice, 1808 ); " Hassagot " ( Constantinople, 1510 ; frequently reprinted ), in defense of Simeon Kayyara against the criticisms of Maimonides ' " Sefer ha-Mitzwoth " ( Book of Precepts ).

On the other end of the philosophical spectrum is the view of Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides.

The works of Ibn Rushd especially became the subject of their study, due in great measure to Maimonides, who, in a letter addressed to his pupil Joseph ben Judah, spoke in the highest terms of Ibn Rushd's commentary.

Shmuel Ha-Nagid, Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, and Rabbi Moshe ben Hanoch founded the Lucena Yeshiva that produced such brilliant scholars as Rabbi Yitzhak ibn Ghiath and Rabbi Maimon ben Yosef ( father of Maimonides ).

As against this, many ( e. g. Yeshayahu Leibowitz ) argue that Caro and the others were operating within the rigorous rules of halachic reasoning and that their conclusions were in no way affected or invalidated by their personal theological views ( just as, from the opposite perspective, Maimonides ' status as a halachic authority is not affected by his acceptance of Greek philosophy ).

Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

In Jewish philosophy and in Jewish mysticism Divine Simplicity is addressed via discussion of the attributes ( תארים ) of God, particularly by Jewish philosophers within the Muslim sphere of influence such as Saadia Gaon, Bahya ibn Paquda, Yehuda Halevi, and Maimonides, as well by Raabad III in Provence.

While such scholars as Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Rabbi Bahya ibn Paquda, and Rabbi Yehuda Halevi elaborated on proper monotheism and the issues of idolatry, without a doubt Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon ( Maimonides ) was the most thorough in his elucidation of monotheism and the problems of idolatry.

Jewish thought during this period flourished under famous figures such as Samuel Ha-Nagid, Moses ibn Ezra, Solomon ibn Gabirol Judah Halevi and Moses Maimonides.

In support of this, they appeal to the philosophical writings of various Geonim and Rishonim such as Saadia Gaon, Rabbenu Bahya ibn Paquda, Rabbi Yehuda Halevi and Maimonides.

The most famous of his many students is Rabbi Judah Halevi, author of the Kuzari ; he also taught Rabbi Joseph ibn Migash ( the Ri Migash ), who was in turn a teacher of Rabbi Maimon, father and teacher of Maimonides ( Rambam ).

These ideas were discussed by the Jewish philosophers Judah ben Samuel Halevi and Maimonides, through which they became an influence on the seventeenth century French Millenarian Isaac La Peyrère.