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Mao's doctrines of guerrilla warfare and mobile warfare were based upon the fact of the poor armament and military training of the Red Army which consisted mainly of impoverished peasants, who, however, were fired by revolutionary passions and the aspiration for a communist utopia.
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Mao's and guerrilla
Mao's methods are normally referred to as guerrilla warfare ; but he himself made a distinction between guerrilla warfare ( youji zhan ) and mobile warfare ( yundong zhan ).
Holding that " all political power proceeds from the barrel of a gun ," Maoist organizations mainly draw upon Mao's ideology of the People's War, mobilizing large parts of rural populations to revolt against established institutions by engaging in guerrilla warfare.
The failure of rural guerrilla and the new policy adopted by China since Mao's death in 1976 led PCdoB to break completely with Maoism.
He's experience fighting the Kuomintang and the Japanese led him to question Mao's unconditional emphasis on the importance of ideological guerrilla warfare at the expense of conventional tactics and military organization.
During that period, Mao's political power and his strategy of guerrilla warfare gained ascendancy in the party and the Red Army.
During the Long March, Mao's political power and his strategy of guerrilla warfare gained ascendancy in the party and the Red Army and made Mao and his proteges the undisputed leaders of the Chinese Communist Party.
Mao's and warfare
Enver Hoxha critiqued Maoism from a Marxist-Leninist perspective, arguing that new democracy halts class struggle, the theory of the three worlds is " counter-revolutionary " and questioned Mao's guerilla warfare methods.
The committee abandoned Mao's successful tactics of mobile warfare against the Kuomintang forces.
Mao's and were
In reversing some of Mao's " extreme-leftist " policies, Deng argued that a socialist country and the market economy model were not mutually exclusive.
He had believed that Mao's policies were largely responsible for the famine, but that Mao was misled about it, and finally when he found out, he stopped it and changed his policies.
Mao's tactics were based on that of the Spanish Guerrillas during the Napoleonic Wars.
Mao's opponents, among whom the most prominent was Li Wenlin, the founder of the CPC's branch and Red Army in Jiangxi, were against Mao's land policies and proposals to reform the local party branch and army leadership.
It is reported that horrible methods of torture were employed under Mao's direction, and given names such as ' sitting in a sedan chair ', ' airplane ride ', ' toad-drinking water ', and ' monkey pulling reins.
There were isolated clashes with Chinese troops along the border in 1968, and Red Guards erected loudspeakers on the border facing North Korea where they denounced Kim Il-sung and read quotations from Mao's Little Red Book.
This moderate group of pragmatists were unenthusiastic about Mao's utopian visions.
Perceived risks to Mao's safety were allegedly relayed to the Chairman.
In Mao's Last Revolution ( 2006 ), Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals assert that in rural China alone some 36 million people were persecuted, of whom between 750, 000 and 1. 5 million were killed, with roughly the same number permanently injured.
Along with the Chinese intellectual tradition which was prevalent during his youth, it is clear that Mao's personal philosophy, his idealism and populist leanings, were foundational to the formation and profile of Maoism.
Chen Boda and Mao Yuanxin, the latter being Mao's nephew, were also considered some of the Gang's closer associates.
In addition, the main KMT forces were preoccupied with annihilating Zhang Guotao's army, which was much larger than Mao's.
The most senior leaders to support Mao in 1932 were Zhou Enlai, who had become disillusioned with the strategic leadership of other senior leaders in the Party, and Mao's old comrade, Zhu De.
Since it was common knowledge that Li Xiannian was a great opponent of Jiang Qing and the whole Gang of Four, and that after Mao's death in September of that year, they were still quite influential, Li Xiannian feared eavesdropping.
Once Mao was removed from power, shortly before the beginning of the Fourth Encirclement Campaign, Mao's supporters were persecuted, and Hu Yaobang was sentenced to death.
Strong box office performances were recorded in 2009-10 by Bruce Beresford's Mao's Last Dancer ; the Aboriginal musical Bran Nue Dae the dramatization of John Marsden's novel Tomorrow, When the War Began ; and the crime drama Animal Kingdom which featured major Australian screen stars Ben Mendelsohn, Joel Edgerton, Guy Pearce and Jackie Weaver.
Mao's social and cultural programs, including collectivization, were mostly popular in the early 1950s.
Several years earlier, he had been instrumental in trying to develop the PLA into a well-equipped, professional fighting force, as opposed to Mao's belief that soldiers who were revolutionary enough could overcome any obstacle.
Deng, Zhou, and Liu all seem to have concluded that Mao's policies were irrational and so they would run things while using him as an empty symbol for the people to rally around.
Mao's wife Jiang Qing, meanwhile, had formed an informal radical political alliance with Shanghai revolution organizer Wang Hongwen, who seems to have gained Mao's favour as a possible successor, as well as Shanghai Revolutionary Committee Chairman Zhang Chunqiao and propaganda writer Yao Wenyuan, all of whom were elevated to the Politburo by the 10th Congress.
Mao's and based
Mao's personal physician Li Zhisui, on the other hand, suggests that the campaign was " a gamble, based on a calculation that genuine counterrevolutionaries were few, that rebels like Hu Feng had been permanently intimidated into silence, and that other intellectuals would follow Mao's lead, speaking out only against the people and practices Mao himself most wanted to subject to reform.
The campaign also coincided with and was partially based on Mao's First Five-Year Plan and the Great Leap Forward.
Lin used his position as Minister of Defense to flatter Mao by using the army to promote Mao's personality cult throughout China, devising and running a number of national Maoist propaganda campaigns based on the PLA.
Factions quickly formed based on individual interpretations of Mao's statements.
After 1949 socialist realism, based on Mao's famous 1942 " Yan ' an Talks on Literature and Art ," became the uniform style of Chinese authors whose works were published.
The Maoist strategy for world revolution is based on the global version of the strategy employed by the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) which led to Mao's victory in 1949.
In his 2010 book Mao's Great Famine, Hong Kong based historian Frank Dikötter, who has had access to newly opened local archives, places the death toll for the Great Leap Forward at 45 million, and describes it as " one of the most deadly mass killings of human history.
Mao's and fact
Deng Tuo and Wu Lengxi served as editor-in-chief from 1948 – 1958 and 1958 – 1966, respectively, but the paper was in fact controlled by Mao's personal secretary Hu Qiaomu.
While seeming excessively radical to some, this position in fact flowed logically from the party's prior rejection of Mao's concept of New Democracy, dismissed by the party as a reactionary " three-stage theory " of first New Democracy, then socialism, then communism.
This effectively marked the end of Gao's attempts to advance his position as he realised that he did not in fact have Mao's support.
Mao's and poor
Rejecting Mao's idealistic, communitarian values but not necessarily the values of Marx and Lenin, Deng emphasized that socialism did not mean shared poverty ( thus repudiating the Gang of Four's slogan " We would rather be poor under socialism than rich under capitalism.
Mao's and military
In Jiangxi, Mao's authoritative domination, especially that of the military force, was challenged by the Jiangxi branch of the CPC and military officers.
Zhou, who had come to appreciate Mao's strategies after the series of military failures waged by other Party leaders since 1927, defended Mao, but was unsuccessful.
* 1932: October, at the Ningdu Conference, major CCP military leaders criticize Mao's tactics ; Mao is demoted to figurehead status.
The United States was on its way to the height of military power, and historians contend that Mao's participation in the war asserted China as a new power to not be taken lightly.
He went into hiding in the city of Canton, where he was sheltered by the local military commander, who did not care for either the Gang of Four or Mao's newly appointed successor Hua Guofeng ( see below ).
On 6 October, less than a month after Mao's death, anti-Gang of Four leaders with Hua at its core executed the arrest of Jiang Qing and her followers, as word came out that the Gang of Four was to soon wage a military coup against the Hua leadership of the CPC.
Peng was one of the few senior military leaders who supported Mao's suggestions to involve China directly in the 1950 – 1953 Korean War, and he served as the direct commander of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army for the first half of the war ( though Mao and Zhou Enlai were technically more senior ).
The Jiangxi Soviet thus began its inevitable rapid downfall under their policy of extreme leftism and incompetent military command, though the new leadership could not immediately rid itself of Mao's influence which prevailed during the fourth encirclement campaign, and thus saved the communists temporarily.
Mao's gamble had paid off with Liu's clever military strategies.
Deng stressed the need for military obedience to party directives, reminding them of Mao's dictum that " The party must control the gun, but the gun must never be allowed to control the party.
He continued to write about military history, opposing the use and development of atomic weapons and championing Mao's China and Tito's Yugoslavia over the monolithic bureaucracy of the Soviet Union.
Yuan subsequently helped to gather five tons of grains and a huge amount of cloth to Mao's men, and helped to established the first military hospital in the communist base.
Luo was instrumental in stopping the widespread persecution and thus saved the communists in Manchuria from losing the popular support, as well as supports within its own ranks, thus strengthened the communists, ensured Lin Biao's later military victories, and Luo did all of these against Mao's wishes.
When Gao approached key military figure Luo Ronghuan, Luo demanded to know Mao's exact thoughts.
Then in January 1935 came the convening of Zunyi Conference, and with the defection of 28 Bolsheviks members Zhang Wentian, Wang Jiaxiang and Yang Shangkun to Mao's camp, the three-man team's command over military was discharged, Mao, Wang and Zhou Enlai composed a new three-man team to replace them ; and Bo Gu's title of General Secretary was replaced by his former associate Zhang, but still a member of politburo.
In terms of military talent, Xiahou Mao was alleged to be far from his capable father, and according to Weilüe, these allegations of incompetence even reached Shu Han, where the general Wei Yan sought to exploit Xiahou Mao's incompetence by sending an unexpected army across difficult terrain.
Mao's military thought grew out of the Red Army's experiences in the late 1930s and early 1940s and formed the basis for the " people's war " concept, which became the doctrine of the Red Army and the PLA.
Within a month of Mao's death, military leaders headed by Minister of National Defense Ye Jianying cooperated with party chairman Hua Guofeng to arrest the Gang of Four, thus ending a decade of radical politics.
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