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Mao's theories on mass collectivization became the basis of the Great Leap Forward, a national economic plan that began in 1958 which caused a man-made famine across the country that lasted for several years.
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Mao's and theories
His " Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan " is considered the initial and decisive step towards the successful application of Mao's revolutionary theories.
Once an engagement was broken off, the guerrillas merged with the population in the countryside, in accordance with Mao's theories.
This article made Lin one of China's leading interpreters of Mao's political theories.
The campaign continued in several phases, beginning as an academic attempt to interpret Chinese history according to Mao's political theories.
The Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign was used as a political tool by the Gang of Four, but it did produce a genuine attempt to interpret historical Chinese society within the context of Mao's political theories.
Mao's and on
Mao's tactics were based on that of the Spanish Guerrillas during the Napoleonic Wars.
There were isolated clashes with Chinese troops along the border in 1968, and Red Guards erected loudspeakers on the border facing North Korea where they denounced Kim Il-sung and read quotations from Mao's Little Red Book.
Relations with China remained on an even course after Mao's death in September 1976.
While the " literary battle " against Peng raged, Mao fired Yang Shangkun – director of the Party's General Office, an organ that controlled internal communications – on a series of unsubstantiated charges, installing in his stead staunch loyalist Wang Dongxing, head of Mao's security detail.
One of these documents, released on May 16, was prepared with Mao's personal supervision and was particularly damning:
Furthermore, despite Mao's efforts to put on a show of unity at the Congress, the factional divide between Lin Biao's PLA camp and the Jiang Qing-led radical camp was intensifying.
After being confirmed as Mao's successor, Lin's supporters focused on the restoration of the position of State Chairman, which had been abolished by Mao after the purge of Liu Shaoqi.
Moreover, Chen launched an assault on Zhang Chunqiao, a staunch Maoist who embodied the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, over the evaluation of Mao's legacy.
With Mao's health on the decline, it was clear that Jiang Qing had political ambitions of her own.
Academic interest has also focused on the movement's relationship with Mao's personality.
Mao's godlike status during the period yielded him ultimate definitional power over Communist doctrine, yet the esoteric nature of his writings led to endless wars over its interpretation, with both conservatives and liberals drawing on Mao's teachings to achieve their divergent goals.
Their downfall in a coup d ' état on October 6, 1976, a mere month after Mao's death, brought about major celebrations on the streets of Beijing and marked the end of a turbulent political era in China.
He favoured links with the China, visiting Mao Tse-tung in Beijing in 1974 and 1975 and remaining an honoured guest in China on frequent visits thereafter and forming a close relationship with Mao's successor Deng Xiaoping.
* Retracing Mao's Long March – Report on the modern expeditions by Jocelyn & McEwen along the Long March routes
* Art on a Long March – A contemporary art exhibition presented for the public at sites along the route of Mao's Long March.
When given free rein, Jiang also wreaked vengeance on Mao's family.
This time she wanted the medical staff to change Mao's sleeping position, claiming that he had been lying too long on his left side.
Mao's death on September 9, 1976, sent shockwaves through the country.
The following article focuses on Mao's social movements from the early 1950s on, including Land Reform, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution, and evaluates Mao's legacy as a whole.
Mao's and mass
To make sense of the mass chaos caused by Mao's leadership in the Cultural Revolution while preserving the Party's authority and legitimacy, Mao's successors needed to lend the event a " proper " historical judgment.
After the Cultural Revolution was announced, most of the most senior members of the CPP who had voiced any hesitation in following Mao's direction, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, were removed from their posts almost immediately ; and, with their families, subjected to mass criticism and humiliation.
Mao's idea, rather, was to devolve powers to provincial and local authorities, in practice Party committees rather than state technocrats, and to use mass mobilization rather than either a detailed central plan or the market to promote economic growth.
Contrary to popular misconceptions, Deng's reforms included introduction of planned, centralized management of the macro-economy by technically proficient bureaucrats, abandoning Mao's mass campaign style of economic construction.
With the suppression of news internally, many city residents were not aware that mass deaths were occurring in the countryside at all, which was essential to preventing organized opposition to Mao's scheme.
In his 2010 book Mao's Great Famine, Hong Kong based historian Frank Dikötter, who has had access to newly opened local archives, places the death toll for the Great Leap Forward at 45 million, and describes it as " one of the most deadly mass killings of human history.
Mao's and collectivization
Mao's social and cultural programs, including collectivization, were mostly popular in the early 1950s.
Mao's and became
When it became clear that Li was unlikely to accept Mao's terms, the Communists issued an ultimatum in April 1949, warning that they would resume their attacks if Li did not agree within five days.
She became a member of the Communist Party in 1938, and married Deng a year later in front of Mao's cave dwelling in Yan ' an.
Mao's attempts to purge the Red Army of those who might potentially oppose him led Mao to accuse Chen Yi, the commander and political commissar of the Jiangxi Military Region, as a counterrevolutionary, provoking a violent reaction against Mao's persecutions that became known as the " Futian Incident " in January 1931.
She was one of the most powerful figures in China during Mao's last years and became a controversial figure.
Lin Biao now became Mao's designated successor.
It became so bad by August 1967 that people had to carry two or three copies of Mao's Little Red Book in public to avoid being attacked.
When Mao's Great Leap Forward became politically and popularly disastrous, Liu gained influence within the CCP.
Peng resisted Mao's attempts to develop a personality cult throughout the 1950s ; and, when Mao's economic policies associated with the Great Leap Forward caused a nationwide famine, Peng became critical of Mao's leadership.
Peng did not oppose Mao's collectivizations in the first phase of the Great Leap, from late 1957 – early 1958, but he increasingly opposed it from spring-winter 1958, as the problems which Mao's policies had caused became more evident.
Mao's prestige weakened when it became widely known that Mao's Great Leap Forward had been a disaster, and He eventually presented a report that was positive, and which attempted to vindicate Peng.
In November 1937 he became director of the Party's Organization Department, serving in that capacity until 1944, and by the early 1940s was in the inner circle of Mao's advisers.
After joining forces with Mao, Lin became one of Mao's closest supporters.
Lin directed the compilation of some of Chairman Mao's writings into a handbook, the Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong, which became known as the Little Red Book.
Cao Huang ( later renamed to Cao Huan ), the Duke of Changdao, was chosen to be Cao Mao's successor and became emperor.
These works made him one of the most important interpreters of Mao Zedong's thoughts, and in the 1950s he became Mao's personal secretary and close associate, authoring several key policy documents.
As Mao's personality cult grew, life became more difficult and dangerous.
Wang became Mao's main target as representative of dogmatism and Zhou as representative of empiricism.
Mao's prestige weakened when it became widely known that Mao's Great Leap Forward had been a disaster, and He eventually presented a report that was positive, and which attempted to vindicate Peng.
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