Den was influenced by Mao Tse-Tung ’ s view of peasantry, so he thought drumming was rooted in the bodies that physically worked the land.

# The Initial Marxist Period from 1920 – 1926: Marxist thinking employs imminent socioeconomic explanations ; Mao ’ s reasons were declarations of his enthusiasm.

# The Mature Maoist Period from 1935 – 1940: Intellectually, this was Mao ’ s most fruitful time.

" The only new emphasis was Mao ’ s concern with two types of subjectivist deviation: 1 ) Dogmatism, the excessive reliance upon abstract theory ; 2 ) Empiricism, excessive dependence on experience.

" Optimism is the keynote to Mao ’ s intellectual orientation in the post-1949 period.

" In the 1930 ’ s, when Mao talked about contradiction, he meant the contradiction between subjective thought and objective reality.

* Mao ’ s China and After by Maurice Mesiner

Mao placed Jiang Qing, who before 1966 had not taken a public political role, in charge of the country ’ s cultural apparatus.

The ( 1932 – 1933 ) achieved some early successes, but Chiang ’ s armies were badly mauled when they tried to penetrate into the heart of Mao ’ s Soviet Chinese Republic.

Mao ’ s self-reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou.

" ( 全世界无产者 ， 联合起来 ！) in bold red letters, and endorsement leaves written by Lin Biao, Mao ’ s chosen successor, that included three lines from the diary of revolutionary hero Lei Feng.

Desperately in need of Soviet aid, Mao relented to Stalin ’ s opinion and showed his enthusiasm for peace talks.

Zhang first came to prominence as the result of his October 1958 Jiefang (" Liberation ") magazine entitled “ Destroy the Ideas of Bourgeois Legal Ownership .” Mao Zedong ordered the reproduction of the article in Renmin Ribao (" People ’ s Daily "), and personally wrote an accompanying “ Editor ’ s Note ” giving mild approval.

After Zhou's death and Mao ’ s soon thereafter, Deng Xiaoping assumed control of the party in late 1978.

The postwar Kim Il-sung regime had also emulated Mao ’ s Great Leap Forward, his theory of the Mass line ( qunzhong luxian ), and the guerrilla tradition.

He views “ Africadian ” literature as “ literal and liberal — I canonize songs and sonnets, histories and homilies .” Clarke has stated that he found further writing inspiration in the 1970s and his “ individualist poetic scored with implicit social commentary ” came from the ‘ Gang of Seven ’ intellectuals, “ poet-politicos: jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, troubadour-bard Bob Dylan, libertine lyricist Irving Layton, guerrilla leader and poet Mao Zedong, reactionary modernist Ezra Pound, Black Power orator Malcolm X and the Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau .” Though flawed, Clarke found “ as a whole, the group ’ s blunt talk, suave styles, acerbic independence, raunchy macho, feisty lyricism, singing heroic and a scarf-and-beret chivalry quite, well, liberating .”

" Sources and Early Printing History of Chairman Mao ’ s ' QUOTATIONS '".

However, Liu soon turned to Mao ’ s camp when he found Bo and Braun ’ s methods to be unpractical and extreme.

As a result of this conference, Bo, who was then Braun ’ s command in military, was replaced by a new three-man team consisting of Mao, Zhou and Wang Jiaxiang.

Deng, who was Mao ’ s close associate from 1930 ’ s when he worked in Jiangxi, was sent out for Liu, and Luo Ronghuan for Lin Biao.

There has been a gradual relaxation of Marxist interpretation after the death of Mao in 1976, which was accelerated after the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989 and Revolutions of 1989, which have damaged Marxism's ideological legitimacy in the eyes of Chinese people.

In August 1921, Mao founded the Self-Study University, through which readers could gain access to Marxist and other revolutionary literature, and which was housed in the premises of the Society for the Study of Wang Fuzhi ( Chuan-shan Hsüeh-she ).

Opening a Changsha branch, Mao replaced the usual textbooks with revolutionary tracts in order to spread Marxist ideas among the illiterate peasantry.

In China, the claim that Mao had " adapted Marxism – Leninism to Chinese conditions " evolved into the idea that he had updated it in a fundamental way applying to the world as a whole ; consequently, the term " Marxism – Leninism – Mao Zedong Thought " ( commonly known as Maoism ) was increasingly used to describe the official Chinese state ideology as well as the ideological basis of parties around the world who sympathized with the Communist Party of China ( such as the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist – Leninist / Mao Zedong Thought, founded by Jose Maria Sison in 1968 ).

Following the Sino – Albanian split, a small portion of Marxist – Leninists began to downplay or repudiate the role of Mao Zedong in the International Communist Movement in favor of the Party of Labor of Albania and a stricter adherence to Stalin.

Mao and many members of the Chinese Communist Party were opposed to these changes, believing that it would have negative repercussions for the worldwide Marxist movement, among whom Stalin was still viewed as a hero.

Mao believed that Khrushchev was not adhering to Marxism – Leninism, but was instead a revisionist, altering his policies from basic Marxist concepts, something Mao feared would allow capitalists to eventually regain control of the country.

In 1963, the Chinese Communist Party began to openly denounce the Soviet Union, publishing a series of nine polemics against its Marxist revisionism, with one of them being titled On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Historical Lessons for the World, in which Mao charged that Khrushchev was not only a revisionist but also increased the danger of capitalist restoration.

Mao, favouring chaos as a means to " cleanse " the leadership ranks, ordered Nie's message to be broadcast nationwide and called it " the first Marxist big-character poster in China.

Mao confronted Chen openly, denouncing him as a " false Marxist ", and removed him from the Politburo Standing Committee.

The origins of Maoism stem not from Marxist writings alone, but also from the modern Chinese intellectual tradition in which Mao was raised.

During this period Mao clearly established himself as a Marxist theoretician and produced the bulk of the works which would later be canonized into the " thought of Mao Zedong ".

# The Formative Maoist Period from 1927 – 1935: In this period, Mao avoided all theoretical implications in his literature and employed a minimum of Marxist category thought.

Mao focused more on revolutionary practice and paid less attention to Marxist theory.

It was here that Mao summarized the correlation between Marxist theory and Chinese practice ; " The target is the Chinese revolution, the arrow is Marxism-Leninism.

* Mao Tse-Tung, The Marxist Lord of Misrule.

Mao declared that despite some faults, Stalin had basically been a good, well-meaning Marxist.

Mao Zedong argued that Khrushchev's emphasis on material development would soften the people and cause them to lose their revolutionary spirit.

When Mao came to power in 1949, he addressed the issue of women's rights and tried to establish women's equality through the " iron girls " of national development ideal.

In September 1965 Mao agreed to rehabilitate Peng by promoting him to a position managing the industrial development of Southwest China, a project known as the Third Front.

Many of the articles from the first few decades were exclusive sources of information on the development of China, such as the report on where Chairman Mao Zedong, the Cultural Revolution and the economic opening initiated by Deng Xiaoping.

During the 1950s, Soviet-guided China followed the Soviet model of centralized economic development, emphasising heavy industry, and delegating consumer goods to secondary priority ; however, by the late 1950s, Mao had developed different ideas for how China could directly advance to the communist stage of Socialism ( per the Marxist denotation ), through the mobilization of China ’ s workers.

Moreover, the USSR was astonished by the Great Leap Forward, had renounced aiding Chinese nuclear weapons development, and refused to side with them in the Sino-Indian War ( 1962 ), by maintaining a moderate relation with India — actions deemed offensive by Mao as Chinese Leader.

Meanwhile, in China, Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 – 76 ) to rid himself of internal enemies and re-establish his sole leadership of party and country ; and to prevent the development of Russian-style bureaucratic communism of the USSR.

Working across a wide variety of media-from urban art, to archiving photographs of Mao, and large scale installations-Zhang's portraits document a contemporary social history of a culture in radical development and flux.

Inspired by the Chinese Cultural Revolution and the thought of Mao Zedong, and in cooperation with the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, Bettelheim was opposed to " economism " and to the " primacy of the means of production " of traditional Marxism: against the idea that socialist transformation of social bonds was a necessary effect of the development of the forces of production ( liberating those bonds from them, according to Marxist orthodoxy, since private property dominates them in " bourgeois " society ), he affirmed the necessity for actively and politically transforming social connections.